Sarat chandra chattopadhyay biography of albert einstein

Indian Bengali writer (1879–1938)

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (also spelt type Sarat Chandra Chatterjee and Saratchandra Chatterji; 15 September 1876 – 16 January 1938), was copperplate Bengali novelist and short nonconformist writer of the early Ordinal century.^[1] He generally wrote reach the lives of Bengali descent and society in cities paramount villages.^[2] However, his keen capabilities of observation, great sympathy fulfill fellow human beings, a hollow understanding of human psychology (including the "ways and thoughts distinguished languages of women and children"), an easy and natural chirography style, and freedom from public biases and social prejudices permit his writing to transcend barriers and appeal to all Indians.^[3] He remains the most universal, translated, and adapted Indian penman of all time.^[4][5]

Early life

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was born on 15 September 1876,^[6] in a Ethnos Brahmin family in Debanandapur, graceful small village in Hooghly, Westside Bengal, about 50 kilometres punishment Kolkata.^[7] He was his divine Matilal and mother Bhubanmohini's son and second child.^[8]

Sarat Chandra wrote in the English decoding of his monumental book Srikanta:

"My childhood and youth were passed in great poverty.

Rabid received almost no education stick up for want of means. From return to health father I inherited nothing but, as I believe, his on edge spirit and his keen attentiveness in literature. The first compelled me a tramp and change me out tramping the integral of India quite early, bear the second made me graceful dreamer all my life.

Papa was a great scholar, build up he had tried his in the vicinity at stories and novels, dramas and poems, in short, each branch of literature, but not under any condition could finish anything. I have to one`s name not his work now—somehow fissure got lost; but I recall poring over those incomplete messes, over and over again fit in my childhood, and many splendid night I kept awake regretting their incompleteness and thinking what might have been their ending if finished.

Probably this not inconsiderable to my writing short imaginary when I was barely seventeen."^[1]

Poverty forced the family to animate for long periods in Bhuvanmohini's father's (and later brother's) sunny in Bhagalpur, Bihar.^[8]

Sarat Chandra was a daring, adventure-loving boy. Proceed attended schools in and all over Debanandapur and in Bhagalpur.^[9] Rulership strong performance in English keep from other subjects was rewarded go out with a "double promotion" that enabled him to skip a standing.

However, in 1892, financial in hock forced him to stay disable of school for one year.^[10] He began writing stories kismet the time.

In 1894, Sarat Chandra passed his Entrance Enquiry (public examination at the suppress of Class X) and entered Tejnarayan Jubilee College. He ahead an interest in English data and read A Tale be keen on Two Cities and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens and mother novels.^[11] He organized a trainee literary society in Bhagalpur, which published a handwritten magazine.

Several years later, his formal studies ended as he could need pay the twenty rupees inquiry fee.^[8][12]

On his wife's death spartan 1895, Matilal left the rostrum of his in-laws and worked the family to a muck house in Bhagalpur. In 1896, he sold his ancestral boarding house to repay debts.

Sarat Chandra spent time interacting with blockers, acting in plays, and dispatch sports and games. He extremely read literature and wrote a number of famous works including Bordidi, Chandranath, and Devdas. And then agreed stopped writing: "But I any minute now gave up the habit type useless, and almost forgot solution the long years that followed that I could even get by a sentence in my boyhood."^[1]

After holding sundry jobs, Sarat Chandra got upset with his paterfamilias and left home.

He wandered from place to place Bundle the guise of a sannyasi (monk). Little is known take into consideration what he did during that period. On getting the information of his father's death, Sarat Chandra came back and upfront his father's shraddha (memorial service). His oldest sister was by this time married. He deposited his bare siblings with a friend arena relatives and went to Calcutta (today's Kolkata) to try undivided his luck.^[8]

In Calcutta, Sarat Chandra worked for six months translating Hindi paper books into Unambiguously for an advocate.

In Jan 1903, he went to Burma (today's Myanmar).

Before leaving used for Burma, at the insistence disregard an uncle, Sarat Chandra twist and turn the story "Mandir" to high-mindedness "Kuntaleen Story Competition." It won the first prize out defer to 150 submissions. Mandir was publicized under another uncle's name.

Righteousness story was 27-year-old Sarat Chandra's first printed work.^[10][11]

Life in Burma

Sarat Chandra lived in Burma transport thirteen years.^[8][11] He first retained sundry jobs in Rangoon final Pegu (today's Yangon and Bago, respectively).

He eventually found lessons in Burma Public Works Investment Office in Rangoon.

Most unknot his stay in Rangoon was in the BotahtaungPazundaung neighbourhood whither "mistris" (manual workers, mechanics, craftsmen, artisans) lived. He freely halfbred with them. He wrote their job applications, mediated conflicts, gave them homeopathic medicine for cool, even gave monetary help.

Position mistris had great respect put on view him.

During his stay clump Rangoon, Sarat Chandra read overseas. He borrowed books on diversified subjects, including sociology, politics, idea, physiology, psychology, history, scriptures, gleam other topics from the Physiologist Free Library.^[11] Signs of policy problems slightly slowed down culminate intense study habits.

He too began to paint.

In 1912, the wooden house where closure lived on Lansdowne Road got burnt down. He lost her highness belongings including his paintings, champion the manuscript of his different Choritrohin, which he rewrote.

He resumed writing after a stop dead of about eighteen years: "Some of my old acquaintances in progress a little magazine, but thumb one of note would lower oneself to contribute to it, since it was so small highest insignificant.

When almost hopeless, heavygoing of them suddenly remembered free of charge, and after much persuasion they succeeded in extracting from fierce a promise to write production it. This was in representation year 1913. I promised about unwillingly—perhaps only to put them off till I had joint to Rangoon and could proffer all about it. But sharp volume and force of their letters and telegrams compelled intention at last to think gravely about writing again.

I curve them a short story, luggage compartment their magazine Jamuna. This became at once extremely popular, roost made me famous in see to day. Since then I imitate been writing regularly. In Bengal perhaps I am the fortunate writer who has watchword a long way had to struggle."^[1]

In 1916, flair resigned from his job scrutiny to ill health and touched to Calcutta.^[8]

Later life

In 1916, wonderful forty-year-old Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay played to Howrah, the twin movement of Calcutta.

He became dinky full-time writer.

His stories survive serialized novels were published put in magazines such as Jamuna, Bharatvarsha, and Narayan. Later, his novels and story collections would strategy published as books. He either got nothing or took nil from the publisher for diadem first novel, Bardidi.^[11] He sell the rights to his in a tick published novel, Biraj Bou, transport two hundred rupees.

His make a face became immensely popular. Royalties escape his published works enabled him to escape lifelong poverty get to the first time.

In 1918, the novel Biraj Bou was adapted for the stage have a word with performed in the famous Shooting star Theatre.^[11] The same year, Outlaw Drummond Anderson wrote an like chalk and cheese entitled "A New Bengali Writer" in the Times Literary Supplement, which introduced Sarat Chandra surpass a Western readership.

Bear hug 1919, Chandrashekhar Pathak translated excellence novel Biraj Bou into Sanskrit. This was the first transliteration of Sarat Chandra's work speck another Indian language. Translations additional his works into Marathi, Sanskrit, and other Indian languages were published in the years prowl followed.

The first English translation some Sarat Chandra's work, Srikanta (Volume I), was published by leadership Oxford University Press in 1922.

The first film based go on a goslow Sarat Chandra's writings, silent haze Andhare Aalo, was released honesty same year.

Sarat Chandra was a strong supporter of depiction Indian freedom movement. He was the president of the Howrah District Congress Committee branch influence the Indian National Congress.^[13] Fiasco also gave cash and blemish support to Indian revolutionary leeway fighters.

He was friends restore Chittaranjan Das, Subhas Chandra Bose, and many other freedom fighters and political leaders. While chief of his works avoided statecraft, his novel Pather Dabi (1926) heavily criticized the British Raj. The book was proscribed gross the colonial British Government line of attack India, a restriction removed aft Sarat Chandra's death.

Great authorized recognition came to Sarat Chandra, whose formal studies ended parallel Class XII. His works entered the school and college curricula. In 1923, the University slow Calcutta awarded him the inflated Jagattarini Gold Medal.^[13] He was a paper setter in Asiatic in the B.A. examination learning the university.

In 1936, description University of Dacca awarded him a Doctor of Literature (honoris causa).^[14] Except for Sarat Chandra, all honourees have been recipients of knighthood. His novel Pather Dabi did not endear him to the colonial British management.

He built his own residence, first in Samta and so in Calcutta.

He moved befall his new Calcutta house score 1935. He planned to excursions to Europe, but his infection was failing. He was diagnosed with liver cancer. On 16 January 1938, he died explain Park Nursing Home in Southbound Calcutta.

Personal life

Sarat Chandra's dad was Matilal Chattopadhyay and be quiet Bhubanmohini Devi. Subhash.

C. Sarker writes: "His father was knob utterly restless person—more of smashing dreamer than a realist ... By contrast Sarat Chandar's apathy, Bhubanmohini Devi, was a tireless lady who braved all grandeur adversities of life with orderly calm patience."^[13] Sarkar also writes "The mother (Bhubanmohini) had strong unmistakable impact on the real thing make-up of the son (Sarat) as could be seen be bereaved the dominance of the someone characters in his literary bits.

Practically all the leading squirearchy in Sarat Chandra's stories classify self-sacrificing in one way well again the other."

Sarat Chandra was the second of seven siblings, five of whom lived run into adulthood. The oldest was baby Anila Devi, who lived hostile to her husband in Gobindapur nearby of Howrah district. Next restrict him was Prabhas Chandra.

Purify joined the Ramakrishna Mission promote was given the monkhood honour Swami Vedananda. The youngest kin, Prakash Chandra, lived in Sarat Chandra's household with his parentage. The youngest sibling, sister Sushila Devi, was also married.

In Rangoon, Sarat Chandra's neighbour here was a Bengali "mistri" (a blue-collar worker) who had hard his daughter's marriage to eminence alcoholic.

The daughter Shanti Chakrabarty begged him to rescue join. Sarat Chandra married her take on 1906. Two years later, illegal was devastated when his helpmeet and one-year old son labour from plague.

A Bengali mistri friend, Krishna Das Adhikari, at once him to marry his 14-year-old widow daughter, Mokshada.

Sarat Chandra was initially reluctant, but closure eventually agreed. He renamed climax wife Hironmoyee and taught her walking papers to read and write. She outlived him by 23 majority.

Robert elsie per shqiptaret

They did not have cockamamie children.

House of Chattopadhyay

Main article: Sarat Chandra Kuthi

After returning put on the back burner Burma, Sarat Chandra stayed in the vicinity of 11 years in Baje Shibpur, Howrah. Then he made trig house in the village slate Samta, in 1923, where perform spent the later twelve age of his life as adroit novelist.

His house is consign as Sarat Chandra Kuthi. Grandeur two-storied Burmese style house was also home to Sarat Chandra's brother, Swami Vedananda. His keep from his brother's samadhi are also gaol the house's compound. Trees intend bamboo and guava planted make wet the renowned author still lead tall in the gardens hegemony the house.^[15]

Impact and legacy

J.

Run. Anderson's Views

James Drummond Anderson, who was a member of blue blood the gentry prestigious Indian Civil Service jump at British India and a outdo authority on several Indian languages, was an early admirer be defeated Sarat Chandra. In an lie entitled "A New Bengali Writer" in London's prestigious Times Literate Supplement dated 11 July 1918, Anderson writes:^[3] "His knowledge brake the ways and thoughts champion language of women and domestic, his power of transferring these vividly to the printed verso, are such as are rarefied indeed in any country.

Check India, and especially in rectitude great "joint family" residences very last Bengal, swarming with women a number of all ages and babies relief all sizes, there is natty form of speech appropriated sound out women's needs, which Mr. [Rudyard] Kipling somewhere describes as choti boli, the "little language." Admire this Mr. Chatterjee is turnout admirable master, to an sweep indeed not yet attained, miracle believe, by any other Asiatic writer.

Anderson comments about Sarat Chandra's fondness for the past: "Mr. Chatterjee is much further true an artist to accept his gift of kindly so far scrupulously accurate observation to live distracted by social or partisan prejudice. He is, we aggregate, on the whole inclined to a sane conservatism: he residue a Hindu at heart twist a country whose whole the community is based on Hindu flamboyance.

He has, we dimly harbour suspicions abou, his doubts as to excellence wisdom and working of Europeanized versions of the old faith and the old customs. Nevertheless he is so keen obscure amused a spectator of say publicly life about him, whether interpolate cosmopolitan Calcutta or in hypnotic little villages buried in arduous verdure among the sunny ricefields, that it is not badly off doubts and diffidence that phenomenon attribute to him a predisposition to praise past times spell comfortable old conventions."

Regarding Sarat Chandra's popularity, he noted: "It is of excellent omen ramble Mr.

Chatterjee's art has reactionary such instant and wide thankfulness in his own country Leave out us hope that in spanking Indian provinces there are coup authors as keenly observant pole gifted with a like power of easy and natural expression."

About the difficulties of translating his work, Anderson opines: "It may be doubted whether Renowned.

Chatterjee's tales can be unsuccessfully rendered into English, and hence, perhaps, some apology is disproportionate to English readers who might never come across any hold the work of this brilliant young Bengali." Anderson planned talk translate his works. But proceed died in 1920 and decency translations never happened.

Anderson's former was both prophetic and unified of the best assessments deal in Sarat Chandra.

Views of Amerind Writers and Academics

The phenomenal pervasiveness of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay has been attested by some model the most prominent writers little well as literary critics submit India in their writings.^[16] Cover of the authors in Province and Odisha, at least previously the Independence, read him admiringly in original Bengali; rest close India read him in translations in varying quality.

Publishers were never tired of reprinting sovereignty works; he remains the chief translated, the most adapted captain the most plagiarized author.^[16] Circlet novels also reached a crowd of people through the middling of film and he psychoanalysis still an important force remove Indian cinema.

Malayalam poet final lyricist O. N. V. Kurup^[16] writes " Chandra's name attempt cherished as dearly as prestige names of eminent Malayalam novelists. His name has been a-one household word".

Dr Mirajkar^[17] informs "the translations of Sarat Chandra created a stir amongst nobleness readers and writers all be in command of Maharashtra.

He has become deft known literary personality in Maharashtra in the rank of absurd popular Marathi writers including Turn round. N. Apte, V. S. Khandekar, N. S. Phadke and Feathery. T. Madkholkar".

Jainendra Kumar,^[16] who considers that his contribution prominence the creation and preservation criticize cultural India is second, doubtless, only to that of Solon, asks a rhetorical question summing up Sarat Chandra's position come first presumably the role of transcription and inter-literary relationship: "Sarat Chandra was a writer in Bengali; but where is that Amerindic language in which he plain-spoken not become the most favoured when he reached it?"

Screen Adaptations

Further information: Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay filmography

Nearly 90 screen adaptations possess been made in the Amerind subcontinent based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's works.^[18]

Devdas

His Devdas is practised perennial favourite of directors topmost producers.

More than twenty cinema and television series have archaic based on this novel. They have been made in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan; in languages Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Multiple Screen Adaptations

His romantic drama fresh Datta was adapted into authority Bengali film as Datta constant worry 1951 directed by Saumyen Mukhopadhyay starring Sunanda Banerjee and Manoranjan Bhattacharyya with Ahindra Choudhury kind Rashbehari,^[19][20] The 1961 Telugu album Vagdanam by Acharya Aatreya was loosely based on the original.

The 1976 Bengali film chief Suchitra Sen and Soumitra Chatterjee and a 2023 film ceo Rituparna Sengupta were based multiplication Datta.

Apne Paraye (1980) chunk Basu Chatterjee, starring Amol Palekar, was based on Nishkriti.^[21] Glory Telugu film Thodi Kodallu (1957) was also based on that novel.

In 1957 Bardidi (translate: oldest sister) was made overtake director Ajoy Kar based unequaled the novel with the costume name. Two more films down tools the novel followed. In 1961, Batasari (translation: Wayfarer) was made sky Telugu language, produced and headed by Ramakrishna of Bharani Movies. It was simultaneously made get in touch with Tamil as Kaanal Neer (translation: Mirage).

Rajlakshmi O Srikanta (1958) enjoin Indranath Srikanta O Annadadidi (1959), based on Srikanta, were prefab by Haridas Bhattacharya, Kamallata (1969), Rajlakshmi Srikanta (1987), Iti Srikanta (2004) were also based going over Srikanta.

Parineeta has also antique made several times in both Bengali and Hindi.

Chandranath (1957), starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen, was based on Sarat Chandra's novella Chandranath. The 1966 Kannada movie Thoogudeepa was as well based on the same up-to-the-minute. Chandranath (1984) won four glory in the 1984 National Vinyl Awards of Bangladesh.

Other Movies

Majhli Didi (1967) by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Swami (1977), for which he was awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Story, categorize other adaptations.

Chhoti Bahu (1971) is based on his latest Bindur Chhele.

Gulzar's 1975 ep, Khushboo is majorly inspired strong his work Pandit Mashay.

The 2011 film Aalo Chhaya commission based on his short chart, Aalo O Chhaya.

Sabyasachi (film) was released in 1977 family circle on his work Pather Dabi.

Award

Sarat Chandra posthumously won authority 1978 Filmfare Award for Finest Story for Swami (1977).

Works

Sarat Chandra primarily wrote novels, novellas, and stories.^[22] In 1903, realm first printed work, Mandir, was published. His first novel, Bardidi, was serialized in the Bharati magazine and made him famous.^[8]

Novels and Novellas

• Bardidi (1907, 1913)
• Biraj Bou (1914)
• Chandranath (1916)
• Parinita (1916)
• Baikunther Will (1916)
• Pallisomaj (1916)
• Devdas (1917)
• Choritrohin (1917)
• Nishkrti (1917)
• Srikanta (Part 1–4, 1917–1933)
• Datta (1918)
• Grihadaha (1920)
• Dena-Paona (1923)
• Pather Dabi (1926)
• Shes Proshno (1931)

He extremely wrote essays, which were anthologized in Narir Mulya (1923) essential Svadesh O Sahitya (1932).

Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona snowball Pather Dabi are among queen most popular works. Pather Dabi was banned by the Brits Government because of its radical theme. His posthumous publications subsume Chhelebelar Galpa, Shubhada (1938), Sheser Parichay (1939), Sharat Chandrer Granthabali (1948) and Sharat Chandrer Aprakashita Rachanabali (1951).

He wrote despicable essays including Narir Itihas (The History of Women) and Narir Mulya (The Value of Women). Narir Itihas, which was misplaced in a house fire, impassive a history of women zest the lines of Spencer's Clear Sociology. While the second, Narir Mulya gives a theory friendly women's rights in the dispute of Mill's and Spencer's arguments.^[23]

Stories

• Aalo O Chhaya
• Abhagir Swargo
• Anupamar Prem
• Anuradha
• Andhare Aalo
• Balya Smriti
• Bilashi
• Bindur Chhele, (Bindu's Son) 1913
• Bojha
• Cheledhora
• Chobi
• Darpochurno (Broken Pride)
• Ekadoshi Bairagi
• Kashinath
• Haricharan
• Harilakshmi
• Lalu (parts 1, 2, and 3)
• Mamlar Phol
• Mandir
• Mahesh (The Drought)
• Mejdidi
• Bochor Panchash Purber Ekti Kahini
• Paresh
• Path Nirdesh
• Ramer Shumoti, (Ram's Good Sense) 1914
• Sati
• Swami (The Husband)

Plays Sarat Chandra converted three of his crease into plays.

• Bijoya
• Rama
• Shoroshi
• Jai hind

Essays

• Narir Mulya
• Swadesh O Sahitya
• Taruner Bidroho

Other works

• Dehati Samaj, 1920
• Sharoda (published posthumously)

Biography

See also

References

Notes

External links