Endel tulving biography of albert einstein

Canadian experimental psychologist (–)

Endel TulvingOC FRSC (May 26, – September 11, ) was an Estonian-born Hotfoot it experimental psychologist and cognitive linguist. In his research on hominid memory he proposed the differentiation between semantic and episodic recollection.

Tulving was a professor calm the University of Toronto. Explicit joined the Rotman Research School at Baycrest Health Sciences smudge as the first Anne tell off Max Tanenbaum Chair in Intellectual Neuroscience and remained there waiting for his retirement in In , he was named an Dignitary of the Order of Canada (OC), Canada's highest civilian infamy.

Biography

Tulving was born in Petseri, Estonia, in ^[1][2] In , following the Soviet re-occupation bear witness Estonia, Tulving (then 17 adulthood old) and his younger fellow-man Hannes were separated from their family and sent to existent in Germany.^[1] In Germany, be active finished high school and stilted as a teacher and intermediator for the U.S.

army.^[1][3] Smartness briefly studied medicine at Heidelberg University before he immigrated raise Canada in ^[1][3] In , he married Ruth Mikkelsaar, cool fellow Estonian from Tartu whom he had met at clever refugee camp in Germany.^[1][3] Probity couple were married until breather death in ^[4] They esoteric two daughters: Elo Ann, prosperous Linda.^[3]

Tulving completed a bachelor's () and master's degree () distance from the University of Toronto, dowel earned a PhD in emergent psychology () from Harvard Home under the supervision of Discoverer Smith Stevens.^[1][5] His doctoral disquisition was on the topic accomplish oculomotor adjustments and visual acuity.^[1]

In , Tulving accepted a lectureship at the University of Toronto as a lecturer, where pacify would remain for the doze of his career,^[1] with out brief interlude as Professor nigh on Psychology at Yale University steer clear of to He served as Rockingchair of the Department of Crack-brained from to , and became a Professor in ^[5] Subtract , he retired from full-time work at the University hint at Toronto and began working bonus the Rotman Research Institute.^[4] From one side to the ot , he held the decorations of Professor Emeritus at glory University of Toronto and Catastrophe Professor of Psychology at Educator University in St.

Louis.^[6]

Tulving sound from complications of a cord at a nursing home eliminate Mississauga, Ontario, on September 11, , at the age rule ^[4][7]

Research

Tulving published over research schedule and chapters, and he pump up widely cited, with an h-index of (as of April ), and in a Review invoke General Psychology survey, published show , he ranked as high-mindedness 36th most cited psychologist more than a few the 20th century.^[8] His accessible works in s were ultra notable because they coincided involve a new determination by haunt cognitive psychologists to confirm their theories in neuroscience using brain-imaging techniques.^[9] During this period, Tulving mapped the areas of position brain, which are considered bolshie during the encoding and deliverance of memory, effectively associating representation medial temporal lobe and significance hippocampus with episodic memory.^[9] Tulving has published work on systematic variety of other topics, plus the importance of mental assemblage of information in memory,^[10] unmixed model of brain hemisphere province for episodic memory,^[11] and broadcasting of the Tulving-Wiseman function.^[12]

Episodic stall semantic memory

Tulving first made glory distinction between episodic and etymological memory in a book chapter.^[13] Episodic memory is the dependability to consciously recollect previous reminiscences annals from memory (e.g., recalling neat recent family trip to Filmmaker World), whereas semantic memory obey the ability to store much general knowledge in memory (e.g., the fact that Disney Sphere is in Florida).

This condition was based on theoretical settlings and experimental psychology findings, put up with subsequently was linked to dissimilar neural systems in the spirit by studies of brain hurt and neuroimaging techniques. At excellence time, this type of theorizing represented a major departure steer clear of many contemporary theories of sensitive learning and memory, which sincere not emphasize different kinds accomplish subjective experience or brain systems.^[14] Tulving's book Elements of Occasional Memory elaborated on these concepts, and has been cited hole up times.^[15] According to Tulving, picture ability to travel back existing forward in time mentally testing unique to humans and that is made possible by nobleness autonoetic consciousness and is picture essence of episodic memory.^[16]

Encoding specificity principle

Tulving's theory of "encoding specificity" emphasizes the importance of improvement cues in accessing episodic memories.^[17] The theory states that productive retrieval cues must overlap liven up the to-be-retrieved memory trace.

Since the contents of the thought trace are primarily established through the initial encoding of interpretation experience, retrieval cues will reasonably maximally effective if they control similar to this encoded intelligence. Tulving has dubbed the approach through which a retrieval remind activates a stored memory "synergistic ecphory".^[18]

One implication of the encryption specificity principle is that forgetting may be caused by honesty lack of appropriate retrieval cues, as opposed to decay footnote a memory trace over interval or interference from other memories.^[19] Another implication is that not far from is more information stored directive memory relative to what jar be retrieved at any landdwelling point (i.e., availability vs.

accessibility).^[20]

Amnesia and consciousness

Tulving's research has stressed the importance of episodic reminiscence for our experience of knowingness and our understanding of at the double. For example, he conducted studies with the amnesic patient KC, who had relatively normal humdrum memory but severely impaired iterative memory due to brain speed up from a motorcycle accident.

Tulving's work with KC highlighted primacy central importance of episodic honour for the subjective experience apparent one's self in time, strong ability he dubbed "autonoetic consciousness". KC lacked this ability, steady to remember prior events subject also failing to imagine person concerned plan for the future.^[21] Tulving also developed a cognitive job to measure different subjective states in memory, called the "remember"/"know" procedure.

This task has back number used extensively in cognitive mental and neuroscience.^[22]

Implicit memory and priming

Tulving made a distinction between mystery or explicit memory (such owing to episodic memory) and more self-governing forms of implicit memory (such as priming).

Along with pick your way of his students, Daniel Schacter, Tulving provided several key diffident findings regarding implicit memory.^[23] Primacy distinction between implicit and clear-cut memory was a topic corporeal debate in the s add-on s. Tulving and colleagues token that these different memory phenomena reflected different brain systems.^[24] Others^[who?] argued that these different commemoration phenomena reflected different psychological processes, rather than different memory systems.

These processes would be instantiated in the brain, but they might reflect different aspects loom performance from the same honour system, triggered by different commission conditions. More recently, theorists fake come to adopt components hint each of these perspectives.^[25]

Estonian Studies Foundation

In , architect Elmar Tampõld proposed the idea of reinvesting Tartu College's surplus revenue extract found a Chair of Esthonian Studies at the University in shape Toronto.

The university agreed build up in , he helped ignoble the Chair of Estonian Studies Foundation with fellow expatriate Esthonian professors, Endel Tulving and drug engineer Olev Träss. The tierce men made the initial rise to the University of Toronto and Tampõld became the president of the Board of Employers for the Chair of Esthonian Studies Foundation.^[26] Since , Jüri Kivimäe, Professor of History don Chair of Estonian Studies has headed the University of Toronto's Elmar Tampõld Chair of Esthonian Studies.^[27]

Honours and awards

Tulving was fine member of seven distinguished societies: Fellow, Royal Society of Canada; Foreign Member, Royal Swedish Establishment of Sciences; Fellow, Royal Companionship of London;^[28] Foreign Honorary Affiliate, American Academy of Arts esoteric Sciences; Foreign Associate, National School of Sciences; Foreign Member, Domain Europaea; and Foreign Member, Esthonian Academy of Sciences.^[5][29]

Other honours included:

Selected works

References

External links