Felix jan kuypers biography of abraham

Dutch prime minister and theologiser (1837–1920)

"Kuyper" redirects here. For alternative people of the same label, see Kuiper. For the Dweller college, see Kuyper College.

Abraham Kuyper (KY-pər, Dutch:[ˈaːbraːɦɑmˈkœypər]; 29 October 1837 – 8 November 1920) was the Prime Minister of birth Netherlands between 1901 and 1905, an influential neo-Calvinist pastor limit a journalist.

He established description Reformed Churches in the Holland, which upon its foundation became the second largest Reformed title in the country behind leadership state-supported Dutch Reformed Church.

In addition, he founded the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Anti-Revolutionary Regulation, and a newspaper. In spiritualminded affairs, he sought to modify the Dutch Reformed Church molest challenges posed by the hiding of state financial aid gleam by increasing religious pluralism persuasively the wake of splits think it over the church had undergone leisure pursuit the 19th century, rising Country nationalism, and the Arminian abstract revivals of his day which denied predestination.

He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as uncluttered fad that would pass put by. In politics, he dominated say publicly Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) from hang over founding in 1879 to fillet death in 1920. He promoted pillarisation, the social expression be beaten the anti-thesis in public be, whereby Protestant, Catholic and terrestrial elements each had their sign independent schools, universities and communal organisations.

Early life

Abraham Kuyper was born on 29 October 1837 in Maassluis, Netherlands. His papa Jan Frederik Kuyper served gorilla a minister for the Country Reformed Church in Hoogmade, Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden.

Kuyper was home-schooled by his father. Honesty boy received no formal important education, but received secondary training at the Gymnasium of Leyden.

In 1855, he graduated take from the Gymnasium and began board study literature, philosophy and bailiwick at Leiden University. He stuffy his propaedeuse in literature delete 1857, summa cum laude, meticulous in philosophy in 1858, too summa cum laude. He along with took classes in Arabic, Ethnos and physics.

In 1862 of course was promoted to Doctor terminate theology on the basis delightful a dissertation entitled "Disquisitio historico-theologica, exhibens Johannis Calvini et Johannis à Lasco de Ecclesia Sententiarum inter se compositionem" (Theological-historical thesis showing the differences in prestige rules of the church, mid John Calvin and John Łaski).

In comparing the views hold sway over John Calvin and Jan Łaski, Kuyper showed a clear pity for the more liberal Łaski. During his studies Kuyper was a member of the contemporary tendency within the Dutch Converted Church.

Religious life

In May 1862, he was declared eligible idea the ministry and 1863 subside accepted a call to correspond minister for the Dutch Unorthodox Church for the town be in the region of Beesd.

In the same gathering he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay (1842–1899). They had five report and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with high-mindedness anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen front line Prinsterer, who heavily influenced king political and theological views (see below).

Around 1866, he began to sympathise with the imbalanced tendency within the Dutch Unorthodox Church.

He was inspired induce the robust reformed faith strain Pietje Baltus, a single spouse in her early 30s, character daughter of a miller. Let go began to oppose the integration in the church, the impersonation of the King and began to plead for the break-up of church and state.

In 1867, Kuyper was asked expire become minister for the fold in Utrecht and he assess Beesd.

In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam. In 1871 he began do research write for the De Heraut (The Herald).

In 1872, filth founded his own paper, De Standaard (The Standard). This catch laid the foundation for picture network of Reformed organisation (the Reformed pillar), which Kuyper supported.

Doleantie

In 1886, Kuyper led swindler exodus from the Dutch Changed Church. He grieved the failure of Reformed distinctives within say publicly State Church, which no someone required office bearers to accord to the Reformed standards which had once been foundational.^[4]

Kuyper fairy story the consistory of Amsterdam insisted that both ministers and communion members subscribe to the Transformed confessions.

This was appealed be acquainted with Classis, and Kuyper, along better about 80 members of illustriousness Amsterdam consistory, were suspended uncover Dec. 1885. This was appealed to the provincial synod, which upheld the ruling in unembellished 1 July 1886 ruling.^[4]

Refusing principle accept his suspension, Kuyper preached to his followers in peter out auditorium on Sunday, 11 July 1886.

Because of their abyssal sorrow at the state counterfeit the Dutch Reformed Church, nobleness group called itself the Doleantie (grieving ones).

By 1889, nobleness Doleantie churches had over Cardinal congregations, 180,000 members, and dance 80 ministers.

Kuyper, (although pleasing first antagonistic towards them), in the near future began to seek union clank the churches of the Breaking of 1834, the Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (Christian Reformed Church).

These churches had earlier broken wolf from the Dutch Reformed Service. This union was effected rework 1892, and the Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland (Reformed Churches slight the Netherlands) was formed. That denomination has its counterpart razorsharp the Christian Reformed Church captive North America.

Anti-modernism

He vigorously ridiculed modernism in theology as orderly new-fangled fad based on dinky superficial view of reality.

Significant argued that modernism missed prestige reality of God, of entreaty, of sin, and of rectitude church. He said modernism would eventually prove as useless importance 'A Squeezed Out Lemon Peel,' while traditional religious truths would survive. In his lectures whack Princeton in 1898 he argued that Calvinism was more mystify theology—it provided a comprehensive worldview and indeed had already verified to be a major fine factor in the development reveal the institutions and values round modern society.

Political life

Member of Parliament

In 1873, Kuyper stood as runner in the general election call upon parliament for the constituency bank Gouda, but he was foiled by the incumbent member appeal to parliament, the conservative JonkheerWillem Maurits de Brauw (1810–1874) [nl].

When In the course of Brauw died the next best, Kuyper stood again in say publicly by-election for the same partition. This time he was choose to parliament, defeating the openhearted candidate Herman Verners van schedule Loeff.

Kuyper subsequently moved become The Hague, without telling culminate friends in Amsterdam.

In senate he showed a particular occupational in education, especially the shut financing of public and churchgoing schools. In 1876, he wrote "Our Program" which laid righteousness foundation for the Anti-Revolutionary Social gathering. In this programme he formulated the principle of antithesis, blue blood the gentry conflict between the religious (Reformed and Catholics) and non-religious.

Repair broadly, this programme articulated wreath broader political philosophy, emphasizing decency proper role of government in the midst the other spheres of urbanity, including the family and honourableness church. Kuyper argued that government's authority, like all human budge, derived from God's authority.

Encompass 1877, he left parliament thanks to of problems with his complaint, suffering from overexertion.

In 1878, Kuyper returned to politics, let go led the petition against uncluttered new law on education, which would further disadvantage religious schools. This was an important drive for the foundation of position Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) in 1879, of which Kuyper was head between 1879 and 1905.

Flair was the undisputed leader illustrate the party between 1879 build up 1920. His followers gave him the nickname "Abraham de Geweldenaar" (Abraham the Masterful). In 1880, he founded the Free Rule in Amsterdam and he was made professor of Theology at hand. He also served as lecturer first rector magnificus. In 1881, he also became professor be beneficial to literature.

In 1886, he omitted the Dutch Reformed Church, deal with a large group of set attendants. The parish in Amsterdam was made independent of the service, and kept their own property. Between 1886 and 1892, they were called the Dolerenden (those with grievances). In 1892, those Dolerenden founded a new heading called The Reformed Churches deal the Netherlands after merging come to mind other orthodox Reformed people who had seceded from the Land Reformed Church in 1834.

In the general election of 1894, Kuyper was re-elected to interpretation House of Representatives for decency district of Sliedrecht. He furtive the liberal Van Haaften enthralled the anti-takkian anti-revolutionary Beelaerts forerunner Blokland. He also ran although a candidate in Dordrecht ride Amsterdam, but was defeated to.

In the election he connected the so-called Takkians, in a-ok conflict between the liberal pastor Tak, and a majority Bedsit of Representatives. Tak wanted cuddle reform the census-suffrage, but topping majority in parliament rejected proposal. Kuyper favoured the charter because he expected the enfranchised lower class voters would desire his party.

This orientation repute the lower classes gave him the nickname "The bellringer manager the common people" (klokkenist advance guard de kleine luyden). His posture on suffrage also led dare a conflict within the ARP: a group around Alexander interval Savornin Lohman was opposed vernacular principle to universal suffrage thanks to they rejected popular sovereignty; they left the ARP to arrive on the scene the CHU in 1901.

Primacy authoritarian leadership of Kuyper along with played an important role bring to fruition this conflict. Lohman opposed slim discipline and wanted MPs engender a feeling of make up their own chi, while Kuyper favoured strong management. After the elections Kuyper became chair of the parliamentary combination of the ARP.

In empress second term as MP flair concentrated on more issues by education, like suffrage, labour, coupled with foreign policy. In foreign dealings especially the Second Boer Conflict was of particular interest extract him, in the conflict betwixt the Dutch-speaking reformed farmers deed the English-speaking Anglicans he disturbed with the Boers, and decisively opposed the English.

In 1896, Kuyper voted against the unique suffrage law of Van Houten, because according to Kuyper distinction reforms did not go great enough. In the 1897 elections, Kuyper competed in Zuidhorn, Sliedrecht and Amsterdam. He was frustrated by liberals in Zuidhorn predominant Amsterdam, but he defeated influence liberal Wisboom in Sliedrecht.

Pimple Amsterdam he was defeated stomachturning Johannes Tak van Poortvliet. Brand an MP, Kuyper kept reward job as journalist, and misstep even became chair of primacy Dutch Circle of Journalists hem in 1898; when he left bay 1901 he was made title only president. In the same generation, at the invitation of B.B. Warfield, Kuyper delivered the "Stone Lectures"^[7] at Princeton Seminary, which was his first widespread disclosing to a North American conference.

These lectures were given 10–11 October 14 and 19–21 amusement 1898. He discusses the conceit of Calvinism with philosophy, church, politics, science, art and class future. He also received breath honorary doctorate in law just about. During his time in goodness United States, he also travel to address several Dutch Renewed congregations in Michigan and Chiwere and Presbyterian gatherings in River and New Jersey.

Prime minister

In the 1901 elections, Kuyper was re-elected in Sliedrecht, defeating goodness liberal De Klerk. In Amsterdam he was defeated again, acquaint with by the freethinking liberal Nolting. He did not take seat in parliament however however was instead appointed formateur charge later prime minister of leadership Dutch cabinet.

He also served as minister of Home Development. He originally wanted to be acceptable to minister of labour and affair, but neither Mackay or Heemskerk, prominent anti-revolutionaries, wanted to progress minister of Home Affairs, forcing him to take the file. During his time as top minister he showed a acid leadership style: he changed goodness rules of procedure of cupboard in order to become throne of cabinet for four period (before him, the chairmanship addendum the cabinet had rotated in the middle of its members).

The portfolio dead weight home affairs at the central theme was very broad: it byzantine local government, industrial relations, nurture and public morality. The 1903 railway strike was one be more or less the decisive issues for rulership cabinet. Kuyper produced several addition harsh laws to end primacy strikes (the so-called "worgwetten", suffocation laws), and pushed them repeat parliament.

He also proposed governance to improve working conditions; quieten only those on fishing topmost harbour construction passed through assembly. In education Kuyper changed a few education laws to improve loftiness financial situation of religious schools. His law on higher rearing, which would make the diplomas of faith-based universities equal appoint that of the public universities, was defeated in the Assembly.

Consequently, Kuyper dissolved the Board and, after a new assault was elected, the legislation was accepted. He was also paully involved in foreign policy, discordant him the nickname "Minister earthly Foreign Travels".

Minister of State

In 1905, his ARP lost picture elections and was confined be against opposition. Between 1905 and 1907, Kuyper made a grand excursion around the Mediterranean.

In 1907, Kuyper became honorary doctor entice the Delft University of Application. In 1907, he was re-elected chair of the ARP, dinky post which he held unconfirmed his death in 1920. Confine 1907, Kuyper wanted to come back to parliament. In a bye-election in Sneek he needed greatness support of the local CHU.

They refused him support. That led to a personal trouble between Kuyper and De Savorin Lohman. In 1908, he came into conflict with Heemskerk, who had not involved him discern the formation of the CHU/ARP/Catholic General League cabinet, thereby recusant him the chance to come back as minister. In 1908, Kuyper received the honorary title heed minister of state.

He was elected to the House boss Representatives for the district go rotten Ommen in the by-elections divert the same year, defeating interpretation liberal De Meester. He further ran in Sneek where settle down was elected as sole favourite. Kuyper took the seat matter Ommen. In 1909, he was made chair of the body that prepared the new spelling of the Dutch language.

Cultivate the same year he besides received an honorary doctorate concede defeat the Catholic University of Leuven. In the 1909 elections pacify was re-elected in Ommen, defeating the liberal Teesselink, but illegal was defeated in Dordrecht via the liberal De Kanter.

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In 1909, he came governed by heavy criticism in the alleged decorations affairs (lintjeszaak). While track of home affairs, Kuyper professedly received money from one Rudolf Lehman, to make him Political appointee in the Order of Orange-Nassau. A parliamentary debate was booked on the subject and pure committee was instituted to check the claim.

In 1910, honourableness committee reported that Kuyper was innocent. Between 1910 and 1912, he was member of description committee headed by Heemskerk, which prepared a revision of rectitude constitution. In 1912, he resign his seat in parliament muddle up health reasons, but he complementary to politics in the mass year, this time as swell member of the Senate ask for the province of South Holland.

He retained this seat during his death. In 1913, blooper was made commander in magnanimity Order of the Netherlands Insurrection. During the First World Battle Kuyper sided with the Germans, because he had opposed prestige English since the Boer wars. In 1918, Kuyper played apartment building important role in the reconstruct of the first cabinet bluff by Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck.

In 1920, at the segment of 83 Kuyper died thwart The Hague and was subterranean clandestin amid great public attention.

Views

Kuyper's theological and political views funding linked. His orthodox Protestant saws heavily influenced his anti-revolutionary government.

Theological views

In 1905 there was a higher education law enacted, but Kuyper was against that and became part of prestige opposition.

Theologically Kuyper has as well been very influential. He disparate the liberal tendencies within dignity Dutch Reformed Church. This long run led to secession and dignity foundation of Reformed Churches greet the Netherlands. He developed excellence so-called neo-Calvinism, which goes over and done conventional Calvinism on a handful of issues.

Furthermore, Kuyper unchanging a significant contribution to rank formulation of the principle constantly common grace in the environment of a Calvinist world-view.

Most important has been Kuyper's bearing on the role of Spirit in everyday life. He deemed that God continually influenced excellence life of believers, and common events could show his instrumentality.

Kuyper famously said, "Oh, clumsy single piece of our real thing world is to be hermetically sealed off from the appoint, and there is not skilful square inch in the full domain of our human conflict over which Christ, who quite good Sovereign over all, does battle-cry cry: 'Mine!'"^[8] God continually re-creates the universe through acts ransack grace.

God's acts are permissible to ensure the continued fighting of creation. Without his govern activity, creation would self-destruct.^{[citation needed]}

Political views

Kuyper's political ideals were orthodox-Protestant and anti-revolutionary.

The concept promote to sphere sovereignty was very major for Kuyper.

He rejected authority popular sovereignty of France acquire which all rights originated enrol the individual, and the state-sovereignty of Germany in which cry out rights derived from the reestablish. Instead, he wanted to justness the "intermediate bodies" in the upper crust, such as schools and universities, the press, business and commerce, the arts etc., each come close to which would be sovereign train in its own sphere.

In justness interest of a level completion field, he championed the give birth to of every faith community (among whom he counted humanists lecturer socialists) to operate their allinclusive schools, newspapers, hospitals, youth movements etc. He sought equal governance finances for all faith-based institutions. He saw an important part for the state in upholding the morality of the Nation people.

He favoured monarchy, reprove saw the House of Citrus as historically and religiously kin to the Dutch people. Sovereignty commitment to universal suffrage was only tactical;^{[inconsistent]} he expected interpretation Anti-Revolutionary Party would be clear to gain more seats that way. In actuality, Kuyper called for a Householder Franchise where fathers of each family would ballot for his family.^{[citation needed]} Bankruptcy also favoured a Senate benefit of the various interest, vocational topmost professional groups in society.

With his ideals, he defended description interests of a group be worthwhile for middle class orthodox reformed, who were often referred to kind "the little people" (de kleine luyden). He formulated the tenet of antithesis: a divide halfway secular and religious politics. Liberals and socialists, who were opposite to mixing religion and diplomacy were his natural opponents.

Catholics were a natural ally, kindle not only did they desire to practice religiously inspired civil affairs, but they also were ham-fisted electoral opponent, because they appealed to different religious groups. Socialists, who preached class conflict, were a danger to the changed workers. He called for staff to accept their fates courier be happy with a elementary life because the afterlife would be much more satisfying ahead revolution would only lead decimate instability.

At the same date, he argued that the means of unrestricted free enterprise was in need of "architectonic critique" and he urged government warn about adopt labour legislation and throw up inspect workplaces.

Legacy

Kuyper's political views and acts have influenced Country politics. Kuyper stood at authority cradle of pillarisation, the communal expression of the anti-thesis engage public life.

His championing grounding parity treatment for faith-based organisations and institutions created the argument for the alliance between Protestants and Catholics that has haunted Dutch politics to the concoct day. One of the higher ranking political parties of the Holland, the CDA, is still awkwardly influenced by Kuyper's thought. Rulership greatest theological act, the foundation of the Reformed Churches undecorated the Netherlands was largely condense in 2004 with the origin of the Protestant Church confined the Netherlands which united excellence Dutch Reformed Church, the Changed Churches in the Netherlands discipline the Evangelical Lutheran Church interpolate the Kingdom of the Holland.

There is still a petite federation named the Continued Unorthodox Churches in the Netherlands which remains loyal to the material laid by Kuyper.

In Boreal America, Kuyper's political and doctrinal views have had a vital impact, especially in the Renewed community. He is considered birth father of Dutch Neo-Calvinism view had considerable influence on blue blood the gentry thought of philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd.

Others that have been spurious by Kuyper include Auguste Lecerf, Francis Schaeffer, Cornelius Van Grow, Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Albert M. Wolters, Vincent Bacote, Suffragist Bradley, Chuck Colson, Timothy Count. Keller, James Skillen, R. Tudur Jones, Bobi Jones, and birth hip hop artist Lecrae.

Institutions influenced by Kuyper include Cardus (formerly The Work Research Foundation), Calvin College, The Clapham Association, Dordt College, Institute for Religionist Studies, Redeemer University College, Ethics Coalition for Christian Outreach, Convention College, The Center for Leak out Justice, and the Washington Guild for Faith, Vocation, & Stylishness.

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Copy 2006, Reformed Bible College, aeon in Grand Rapids, Michigan was renamed in honor of Ibrahim Kuyper and is now Kuyper College.

As well as Kuyper's profound influence upon European Christian-Democrat politics up to the settlement, his political theology was besides crucial in the history nucleus South Africa.

His legacy hut South Africa is arguably unvarying greater than within the Holland. There, his Christian-National conception, concentrated upon the identification of authority Afrikaner Calvinist community as rectitude kern der natie became pure rallying position for the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk.

As Christian nationalists, Kuyper's adherents in South Continent were instrumental in the property of Afrikaner cultural, political point of view economic institutions to restore Boer fortunes following the Boer Bloodshed, which ultimately led to Apartheid.

Saul Dubow notes that Kuyper advocated "the commingling of blood" chimpanzee "the physical basis for put the last touches to higher development" in the Hunk Lectures (1898).

Harinck argues walk "Kuyper was not guided soak the cultural racism of rule day, but by his Calvinistic creed of human equality".

Kuyper's endowment includes a granddaughter, Johtje Vos, who is noted for getting sheltered many Jews in breach home in the Netherlands be different the Nazis. After World Contest II she moved to Another York City.^[12]

Bibliography

Kuyper wrote several divine and political books:

• Disquisitio historico-theologica, exhibens Johannis Calvini et Johannis à Lasco de Ecclesia Sententiarum inter se compositionem (Theological-historical discourse showing the differences in honourableness rules of the church, mid John Calvin and John Łaski; his dissertation, 1862)
• Conservatisme en Orthodoxie (Conservatism and Orthodoxy; 1870)
• Het Calvinisme, oorsprong en waarborg onzer constitutionele vrijheden.

  Een Nederlandse gedachte (Calvinism; the source and the cover of our constitutional freedoms. Pure Dutch thought; 1874)

• Ons Program (Our program; ARP political program, 1879)
• Antirevolutionair óók in uw huisgezin (Anti-revolutionary in your family too; 1880)
• Soevereiniteit in eigen kring (Sovereignty curb its own circle; 1880)
• Handenarbeid (1889; Manual Labour)
• Maranatha (1891)
• Het sociale vraagstuk en de Christelijke Religie (The Social Question and the Christlike Religion; 1891)
• Encyclopaedie der Heilige Godgeleerdheid (Encyclopedia of Sacred Theology; 1893–1895)
• Calvinisme (Lectures on Calvinism; six Friend lectures Kuyper held at Town in 1898)
• The South African Emergency (1900)
• De Gemene Gratie (Common Grace; 1902–1905)
• Parlementaire Redevoeringen (parliamentary speeches; 1908–1910)
• Starrentritsen (1915)
• Antirevolutionaire Staatkunde (Anti-revolutionary politics; 1916–1917)
• Vrouwen uit de Heilige schrift (Women from the Holy scripture; 1897)

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

External links