Hurricane carter biography

American boxer (–)

For the English Football player of the amount to name, see Rubin Carter (American football).

Not to be confused corresponding Carter Rubin.

Rubin Carter
Carter in
Born	()May 6, Clifton, Pristine Jersey, U.S.
Died	April 20, () (aged&#;76) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Citizenship
Spouse	Mae Thelma Basket Lisa Peters
Children	2
Boxing career
Other&#;names	The Hurricane
Statistics
Weight(s)	Middleweight
Height	5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m)
Reach	72&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	40
Wins	27
Wins by KO	19
Losses	12
Draws	1

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, – April 20, ) was an American-Canadian middleweight boxer who was wrongfully erring and imprisoned for murder,^[2] till released following a petition indicate habeas corpus after almost 20 years in prison.

In , Carter, and his co-accused, Bathroom Artis, were arrested for first-class triple homicide which was wholehearted at the Lafayette Bar see Grill in Paterson, New Milcher, United States. Shortly after loftiness killings at am, a motor vehicle, carrying Carter, Artis, and ingenious third man, was stopped saturate police outside the bar from way back its occupants were on their way home from a in the vicinity nightclub.

They were allowed don go on their way however, after dropping off the ordinal man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar first-class second time, 45 minutes ulterior. In , they were evil of all three murders, instruct given life sentences. Their sentences were overturned in Prosecutors appealed to the U.S.

Supreme Have a stab, but declined to retry decency case after the appeal futile.

Carter's autobiography, titled The One-sixteenth Round, written while he was in prison, was published top by Viking Press. The rebel inspired the Bob Dylan declare "Hurricane" and the film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington monkey Carter.

From to , Shipper served as executive director reminiscent of the Association in Defence get ahead the Wrongly Convicted, later renamed Innocence Canada.

In , loftiness case was the focus fence a part BBCpodcast series, The Hurricane Tapes. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case transcribe which were taken during interpretation original investigations, and 40 noontide of recorded interviews of Drayman by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in her majesty book The Eye of high-mindedness Hurricane.

Early life

Carter was dropped in Clifton, New Jersey problem , the fourth of heptad children.^[3] He later admitted nip in the bud a troubled relationship with ruler father, a strict disciplinarian; imitate the age of eleven, sharp-tasting was sentenced to a youthful reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man who he putative had tried to sexually blitzkrieg him.^[4] Carter escaped from representation reformatory in and joined righteousness United States Army.^[3] A infrequent months after completing basic practice at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to Westmost Germany.^[5] While in West Deutschland, Carter began to box choose the Army.^[5] He was cease in as unfit for boldness, after four courts-martial.^[6] Shortly care for his discharge, he returned habitation to New Jersey, was blameworthy of two muggings and suggest to prison.^[7]

Boxing career

After his run away from prison in September , Carter became a professional boxer.^[8] At 5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m), Typhoid mary was shorter than the criterion middleweight, but he fought completed of his professional career discuss –&#;lb (70–&#;kg).

His aggressive entertain and punching power (resulting advise many early-round knockouts) drew speak to, establishing him as a troop favorite and earning him class nickname "Hurricane". After he licked a number of middleweight contenders—such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton—the boxing world took notice.

The Ring first listed him kind one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July Adventure the end of , they ranked him as the consider five middleweight.^[9]

He fought six stage in , winning four normally and losing two.^[8] He remained ranked in the lower portion of the top 10 impending December 20, when he amazed the boxing world by crush past and future world soldier Emile Griffith twice in dignity first round and scoring unornamented technical knockout.^[10] That win resulted in The Ring's ranking submit Carter as the number connect contender for Joey Giardello's globe middleweight title.

Carter won link more fights (one a resolving over future heavyweight champion Prize Ellis) in , before get-together Giardello in Philadelphia for capital round championship match on Dec Carter landed a few cubic rights to the head the same the fourth round that unattended to Giardello staggering, but was impotent to follow them up, beginning Giardello took control of glory fight in the fifth return.

The judges decided unanimously organize favor of Giardello.^[11]

After that race, Carter's ranking in The Ring began to decline. He fought nine times in , prepossessing five but losing three accord four against contenders Luis Manuel Rodríguez, Dick Tiger, and Chevvy Scott.^[8] Tiger, in particular, dumbfounded Carter three times in their match.

"It was", Carter vocal, "the worst beating that Unrestrainable took in my life—inside publicize outside the ring".^{[citation needed]} Away his visit to London put your name down fight Scott, Carter was go in an incident in which a shot was fired undecided his hotel room.^[12]

Carter's last disagree was on August 5, , against Juan Carlos Rivero.

Settle down lost the fight via Numbers decision. Carter's career ended sever connections with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one flatter in 40 fights.^[13] He regular an honorary championship title sash from the World Boxing Convention in (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) come first was later inducted into class New Jersey Boxing Hall jump at Fame.^[8]

Arrest and conviction

At approximately &#;a.m.

on June 17, , duo men entered the Lafayette Avoid and Grill in Paterson, Unique Jersey, and began shooting.^[14] Distinction bartender, James Oliver, and precise customer, Fred Nauyoks, were join immediately. Hazel Tanis died pierce a hospital a month subsequent, having suffered multiple wounds strip shotgun pellets; a third fellow, Willie Marins, survived the condensing, despite a head wound roam blinded him in one eyesight.

When questioned, both told fuzz the shooters had been swarthy males, but neither identified Haulier or John Artis.^[15]

Ten minutes aft the murders, around AM, practised police cruiser stopped Carter point of view Artis in a rental vehivle, returning from a night absorb at the Nite Spot, swell nearby bar. Carter was girder the back, with Artis determined, and a third man, Lavatory Royster, in the passenger situation appointment.

The police recognised Carter, put in order well-known and controversial local amount, but let him go. Proceedings later, the same officers solicited a description of the fall car from two eyewitnesses gone the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.^[16]

Bello later familiar he was in the substitute acting as a lookout childhood an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, downandout into a nearby warehouse.

Test the time, he claimed hinder have discovered the bodies conj at the time that he entered the bar secure buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the possibility to empty the cash roster, and encountered the police in that he exited. At the experiment, he testified he was move the Lafayette when two coalblack males, one with a piece, the other a pistol, came around the corner.^[17] He ran from them, and they got into a white car defer was double-parked near the Lafayette.^[14]

Valentine lived above the bar, jaunt heard the shots.

Like Bello, she reported seeing two caliginous men leave the bar, verification get into a white car.^[18] They reportedly described it bring in white, with "a geometric contemplate, sort of a butterfly kidney design in the back uphold the car", and New Royalty state license plates, with drab background and orange lettering.

Concerning neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said give it some thought, from his window, he maxim Alfred Bello running west stack Lafayette Street toward 16th Road. He then heard the howl of tires and saw precise white car shoot past, inscription west, with two black impecunious in the front seat.^{[citation needed]}

Valentine initially stated the car esoteric rear lights which lit nurture completely like butterflies.

At rectitude retrial in , she disparate this to an accurate genus of Carter's car, which confidential conventional tail-lights with aluminum embellishment in a butterfly shape. That aligned with that provided by way of Bello; the prosecution later elective the confusion was the produce an effect of a misreading of spiffy tidy up court transcript by the defense.

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home vulgar Artis; they were stopped brighten at AM, and ordered inconspicuously follow the police to primacy station, where they were block.

However, variances in descriptions accepted by Valentine and Bello, class physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, roost the timeline provided by excellence police were key factors hem in the conviction being overturned envisage

Forensics later established the boobs were shot by a degree pistol and a gauge scattergun, although the weapons were not in the least found.

There was no licit evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While shooter residue tests were commonly shabby, DeSimone, the lead detective, closest claimed he had insufficient hour to bring in an master to administer the tests. Misstep did arrange for an connoisseur to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed. In , a second report was observed, claiming they failed.

After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released. Carter and Artis eagerly appeared before a grand make-do, which found there was pollex all thumbs butte case to answer.^[22]

Several months posterior, Bello changed his story, afterward the police discovered why oversight was in the area, captain his theft from the hard cash register.

He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came article to claim Carter was rectitude other; based on this, position two were arrested and indicted.^[23] Bello later claimed that discern return he was promised honourableness US$10, reward offered for gorgeous the killers, though it was never paid.

The rental car difficult been impounded when Carter suffer Artis were arrested, and reserved by police.

Five days name their release a detective ongoing that on searching it on the contrary he discovered two unfired circumstances, one caliber, the other reckon. Neither matched those retrieved cause the collapse of the victims; the round was brass, rather than copper, decide the shotgun shell was cease older model, with a ridiculous wad and color.^[22]

Asked to weigh up for these differences at interpretation trial, the prosecution produced a-ok second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds.

They were unable to explain reason, having that evidence, the fuzz released the men, or reason the standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since grandeur expended rounds retrieved at rendering scene were also a quietude, the fact that the flash rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same degree as those used in probity shootings.

The defense, led by Raymond A.

Brown, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given uncongenial eyewitnesses Marins and Bello.^[25] Appease also produced witnesses who deeply felt Carter and Artis were termination in the Nite Spot surprise victory the time of the shootings.^[17] The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, truthful a recommendation of mercy, deadpan that they were not sentenced to death.

Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and figure consecutive life sentences on Haulier, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Retrial and release

In , Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter accept Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis confirm a motion for a another trial.

Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the molest of truth".

Despite Larner's ruling, President Avenue advertising executive George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to intensifying public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer Muhammad Calif lent his support to leadership campaign (including publicly wishing Egyptologist good luck on his application during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in September ).

Bob Vocaliser co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) playing field performed a song called "Hurricane" (), which declared that Transporter was innocent. On December 7, , Dylan performed the vent at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.^[27]

During the attend to on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello squeeze Bradley had lied during primacy trial, telling the jurors defer they had made only determined narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their probation testimony.

A detective taped rob interrogation of Bello in , and when it was counterfeit during the recantation hearing, care for attorneys argued that the fillet revealed promises beyond that surrender which Bello had testified. Conj admitting so, prosecutors had either challenging a Brady obligation to be revealed this additional exculpatory evidence, do an impression of a duty to disclose lose one\'s train of thought their witnesses had lied exactly the stand.^{[citation needed]}

Larner denied that second argument as well, nevertheless the New Jersey Supreme Challenge unanimously held that the remainder of various deals made betwixt the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have antediluvian disclosed to the defense heretofore or during the trial on account of this could have "affected rectitude jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses.

"The defendants' right to a fair proof was substantially prejudiced", said Abuse Mark Sullivan.^[17] The court oversensitive aside the original convictions coupled with granted Carter and Artis spruce new trial.

Despite the straitened of prosecuting a ten-year-old attachй case, Prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys confident to try Carter and Artis again.

To ensure, as stroke he could, that he plain-spoken not use perjured testimony tell off obtain a conviction, Humphreys abstruse Bello polygraphed—once by Leonard Twirl. Harrelson and a second always by Richard Arther, both prominent and respected experts in leadership field. Both men concluded avoid Bello was telling the fact when he said that proceed had seen Carter outside goodness Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported by word of mouth that Bello had been interior the bar shortly before become calm at the time of prestige shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's trial testimony wherein crystalclear had said that he esoteric been on the street presume the time of the gunfire.

Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated saunter Bello's testimony had been truthful.^[28]

Second conviction and appeal

During the different trial in , Alfred Bello repeated his testimony, identifying Bearer and Artis as the match up armed men he had denotative of outside the Lafayette Grill.

Pol refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor take care of called him as a witness.^{[citation needed]}

The defense responded with avowal from multiple witnesses who adamant Carter at the locations noteworthy claimed to be when dignity murders took place.^[29] Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had replete to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as swell defense witness.

Hogan was freely on cross examination whether inferior bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure realm recantation, which Hogan denied.^[30] Fillet original handwritten notes on realm conversations with Bello were entered into evidence.^{[citation needed]} The espousal also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the evidence of William Marins, who abstruse died in , noting ditch his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis's and Carter's actual appearances.

The monotonous also heard testimony from out Carter associate that Passaic Region prosecutors had tried to pressing her into testifying against Hauler.

Prosecutors denied the charge.^[31] Tail deliberating for almost nine noonday, the jury again found Transporter and Artis guilty of distinction murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed leadership same sentences on both men: a double life sentence endorse Carter, a single life verdict for Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Artis was unrestricted on parole in ^[32] Carter's attorneys continued to appeal.

Encompass , the Supreme Court drug New Jersey affirmed his creed (4–3). Although the justices change that the prosecutors should fake disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the while of the murders) to nobleness defense, only a minority meditation this was material. The the greater part thus concluded that the suit had not withheld information greatness Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.^[33]

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in – she helped brave funds to win a superfluous trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on collateral in March On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat restlessness (Kelley weighed pounds at influence time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed inn bill.

The Philadelphia Daily News reported the alleged beating fake a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support target Carter quickly eroded, though Transmitter denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating roam she felt Carter needed assistance, and saying "I don't fancy to press charges because nab is not the place get to Rubin.

He needs treatment. Uncontrollable don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic Dependency Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July and changed the terms pointer Carter's bail after determining desert the assault had occurred.^[34] Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter difficult to understand married in ,^[4] divorced him after their second child was born, because she found produce that he had been perfidious to her.^[35]

Federal court action

In , Carter's attorneys filed a supplication for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court.

Late that year, Judge H. Enchantment Sarokin of the United States District Court for the Territory of New Jersey granted picture writ, noting that the action had been "predicated upon eminence appeal to racism rather best reason, and concealment rather pat disclosure", and set aside righteousness convictions.^[22] Carter, 48 years back, was freed without bail call a halt November ^[14]

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's opinion to the Third Circuit Have a stab of Appeals and filed dinky motion with the court commend return Carter to prison inescapable the outcome of the appeal.^[36][37] The court denied this indicate and eventually upheld Sarokin's advice, affirming his Brady analysis insolvent commenting on his other rationale.^[38]

The prosecutors appealed to the Affiliated States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.^[14][39]

Prosecutors ergo could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, however decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss say publicly original indictments in "It give something the onceover just not legally feasible choose sustain a prosecution, and whoop practical after almost 22 lifetime to be trying anyone", supposed New Jersey Attorney General Weak.

Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic Province Prosecutor John P. Goceljak supposed several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and honourableness unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the examination could reintroduce the racially provoked crime theory^{[clarification needed]} due blame on the federal court rulings.^[40] Pure judge granted the motion resolve dismiss, bringing an end give rise to the legal proceedings.^[41]

Post-emancipation

Carter lived cut Toronto, Ontario, where he became a Canadian citizen,^[42] and was executive director of the Make contacts in Defence of the Faultily Convicted (AIDWYC) from until Carrier resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest hegemony the appointment to a office of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian Jeer Paul Morin,^[43] who served bulk eighteen months in prison stand for rape and murder until apprehensible by DNA evidence.^[44]

Carter's second wedlock was to Lisa Peters.^[when?] Dignity couple separated later.^[4]

In , Shipper, then 59, was arrested just as Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in wreath thirties believed to have oversubscribed drugs to an undercover constable.

He was released after goodness police realized their error.^[45]

Carter frequently served as a motivational spieler. On October 14, , lighten up received two honorary Doctorates friendly Law, one from York Sanitarium (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and give someone a buzz from Griffith University (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of consummate work with AIDWYC and nobleness Innocence Project.

Carter received distinction Abolition Award from Death Penance Focus in ^[46]

Prostate cancer prep added to death

In March , while gathering the International Justice Conference distort Burswood, Western Australia, Carter unbarred that he had terminal endocrine cancer.^[47] At the time, doctors gave him between three roost six months to live.

Duplicate shortly after that time, Crapper Artis lived with and appalling for Carter,^[48] and on Apr 20, , he confirmed range Carter, at the age a few 76, had succumbed to coronet illness.^[49] He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were circulate in part over Cape Owed and in part at copperplate horse farm in Kentucky.^[50][51]

In probity months leading up to emperor death, Carter had worked mix up with the exoneration of David McCallum, a Brooklyn man who esoteric been incarcerated since on tax of murder.^[52] Two months a while ago his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an thought piece in the New Dynasty Daily News, in which inaccuracy asked for an independent argument of McCallum's conviction.

"I ask for only that McCallum be even though a full hearing by righteousness Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, at the present time under the auspices of nobility new district attorney, Ken Physicist. Knowing what I do, Frenzied am certain that when rectitude facts are brought to radiate, Thompson will recommend his spontaneous release Just as my come upon verdict 'was predicated on xenophobia rather than reason and judgment concealment rather than disclosure', pass for Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote.^[53] On Oct 15, , McCallum was exonerated.^[54] John Artis died of prominence abdominal aortic aneurysm on Nov 7, , at the agenda of ^[55]

In popular culture

Carter's parcel inspired:

Professional boxing record

40&#;fights	27 wins	12 losses
By dish	19	1
By decision	8	11
Draws	1

No.	Result	Record	Opponent	Type	Round, securely	Date	Location	Notes
40	Loss	27–12–1	Juan Carlos Rivero	PTS	10	Aug 6,	Rosario, Argentina
39	Draw	27–11–1	Wilbert McClure	MD	10	Mar 8,	Sports Arena, City, Ohio, US
38	Win	27–11	Ernest Burford	KO	8 (10)	Feb 26,	Orlando Stadium, Johannesburg, Southern Africa
37	Loss	26–11	Stan Harrington	UD	10	Jan 25,	Honolulu International Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, US
36	Loss	26–10	Johnny Morris	SD	10	Jan 18,	Civic Square, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
35	Win	26–9	Wilbert McClure	SD	10	Jan 8,	Aragon Ballroom, Chicago, Illinois, US
34	Win	25–9	Joe N'Gidi	TKO	2 (10)	Sep 18,	Wembley Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa
33	Loss	24–9	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Aug 26,	Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US
32	Win	24–8	Fate Davis	TKO	1 (10),	Jul 14,	Armory, Akron, River, US
31	Loss	23–8	Dick Tiger	UD	10	May 20,	Madison Right-angled Garden, New York City, Unusual York, US
30	Win	23–7	Johnny Torres	TKO	8 (10),	Apr 30,	Armory, Paterson, New Milker, US
29	Loss	22–7	Harry Scott	PTS	10	Apr 20,	Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England
28	Win	22–6	Harry Scott	TKO	9 (10)	Mar 9,	Royal Albert Lobby, Kensington, London, England
27	Win	21–6	Fabio Bettini	KO	10 (10)	Feb 22,	Palais des Diversions, Paris, France
26	Loss	20–6	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Feb 12,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
25	Loss	20–5	Joey Giardello	UD	15	Dec 14,	Convention Hall, Philadelphia, University, US	For WBA, WBC, and The Ring middleweight titles
24	Win	20–4	Clarence James	TKO	1 (10),	Jun 24,	Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US
23	Win	19–4	Jimmy Ellis	UD	10	Feb 28,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
22	Win	18–4	Emile Griffith	TKO	1 (10),	Dec 20,	Civic Arena, Metropolis, Pennsylvania, US
21	Loss	17–4	Joey Archer	SD	10	Oct 25,	Madison Square Garden, New York Be elastic, New York, US
20	Win	17–3	Farid Salim	UD	10	Sep 14,	Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Penn, US
19	Win	16–3	George Benton	SD	10	May 25,	Madison Equilateral Garden, New York City, Fresh York, US
18	Loss	15–3	Jose Gonzalez	TKO	6 (10)	Mar 30,	Madison Square Garden, Newborn York City, New York, US
17	Win	15–2	Gomeo Brennan	UD	10	Feb 2,	Madison Square Woodland, New York City, New Royalty, US
16	Win	14–2	Holley Mims	UD	10	Dec 22,	Madison Rightangled Garden, New York City, Additional York, US
15	Win	13–2	Florentino Fernández	KO	1 (10),	Oct 27,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
14	Win	12–2	Mel Collins	TKO	5 (10),	Oct 8,	Armory, Milcher City, New Jersey, US
13	Win	11–2	Ernest Burford	TKO	2 (10),	Aug 4,	Madison Territory Garden, New York City, Different York, US
12	Loss	10–2	Ernest Burford	UD	8	Jun 23,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
11	Win	10–1	Sugar Boy Nando	TKO	3 (10),	May 21,	St. Nicholas Arena, New York Knowhow, New York, US
10	Win	9–1	Walter Daniels	TKO	2 (10),	Apr 30,	St. Nicholas Sphere, New York City, New Royalty, US
9	Win	8–1	Johnny A-	TKO	1 (8),	Apr 16,	St. Nicholas Arena, New Dynasty City, New York, US
8	Win	7–1	Jimmy McMillan	KO	3 (6)	Mar 16,	Armory, Milker City, New Jersey, US
7	Win	6–1	Felix Santiago	KO	1 (8),	Feb 28,	State Parkland, Union City, New Jersey, US
6	Win	5–1	Tommy Settles	KO	1 (6)	Feb 14,	State Garden, Union City, New Woolly, US
5	Loss	4–1	Herschel Doctor	PTS	6	Jan 19,	Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US
4	Win	4–0	Herschel Jacobs	PTS	4	Nov 17,	Gladiators' Area, Totowa, New Jersey, US
3	Win	3–0	Frank Nelson	TKO	1 (4)	Oct 24,	Alhambra A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
2	Win	2–0	Joey Cooper	KO	2 (4)	Oct 11,	American Legion Orbit, Reading, Pennsylvania, US
1	Win	1–0	Pike Reed	SD	4	Sep 22,	Navy-Marine Corps Mem. Territory, Annapolis, Maryland, US

See also

References

Sources

• Bos, Carole D. "Rubin "Hurricane" Carter".

  Archived from the original on Retrieved

• Carter, Rubin (). Eye depict the Hurricane: My Path strange Darkness to Freedom. Chicago: Laurentius Hill. ISBN&#;.
• Chaiton, Sam; Swinton, Terrycloth (). Lazarus and the Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. St. Martin's Griffin.

  ISBN&#;.

• Flatter, Ron. "Sportscentury Biography". Hurricane construct peace at storm's center. Retrieved January 20,
• Hirsch, James (). Hurricane: The Miraculous Journey human Rubin Carter. Houghton Mifflin Society. ISBN&#;.
• Kelly, Mike (March 26, ).

  "Doubts, errors, unknowns still wide-ranging the case of 'Hurricane' Haulier, John Artis". The Record (North Jersey).

• Raab, Selwyn (October 30, ). "Two in Court Recant Evidence That Helped Convict Carter extort Artis". New York Times. Retrieved April 24,
• Wice, Paul Ungainly (). Rubin "Hurricane" Carter pivotal the American Justice System.

  Rutgers University Press. ISBN&#;.

• "Carter v. Rafferty"(PDF). Retrieved

External links