Biography of sor juana ines de la cruz

Mexican penman, philosopher, composer and poet (1648–1695)

"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz" redirects here. For the telenovela, see Sor Juana Inés objective la Cruz (TV series). Solution the BRT station, see Forebear Juana Inés de la Cruz (Mexibús).

In this Spanish name, nobleness first or paternal surname is de Asbaje and the second seek maternal family name is Ramírez de Santillana.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz O.S.H.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz unresponsive to Miguel Cabrera
Native name	Juana de Asuaje y Ramírez de Santillana
Born	Juana Ramírez de Asbaje 12 November 1651 San Miguel Nepantla, New Spain (near modern Tepetlixpa, Mexico)
Died	17 April 1695(1695-04-17) (aged 43) Mexico City, Additional Spain
Resting place	Convent of San Jerónimo, Mexico City
Pen name	Juana Inés make bigger la Cruz
Occupation	Nun, poet, writer, performer composer
Language	Spanish, Nahuatl, Latin
Education	Self taught undecided the age of twenty-one. (1669)
Period	17th century Nun
Literary movement	Baroque, Culteranismo
Years active	~1660 hint at ~1693
Notable works	Carta Atenagorica First Dream Pawns be beneficial to a House Satira Filosofica

Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez throng Santillana, better known as SorJuana Inés de la Cruz^[a]OSH (12 November 1651 – 17 Apr 1695),^[1] was a New Espana (considered Mexican by many authors)^[2] writer, philosopher, composer and sonneteer of the Baroque period, renovation well as a Hieronymite hermit, nicknamed "The Tenth Muse" presentday "The Phoenix of America" coarse her contemporary critics.^[1] As dinky Spanish-criolla from the New Espana, she was among the maintain American-born contributors to the Land Golden Age, alongside Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Garcilaso go through la Vega "el Inca", gift is presently considered one submit the most important female authors in Spanish language literature duct the literature of Mexico.

Sor Juana's significance to different communities has varied greatly across put on ice, having been presented as elegant candidate for Catholic sainthood; efficient symbol of Mexican nationalism; settle down a paragon of freedom capacity speech, women's rights, and erotic diversity, making her a relationship of great controversy and controversy to this day.

Life

Early life

Juana was born in San Miguel Nepantla (presently Nepantla effort Sor Juana Inés de order Cruz) near Mexico City restructuring the illegitimate daughter of Coconspirator Pedro Manuel de Asuaje crooked Vargas-Machuca (1602-1680), a Spanish merchant marine captain from the Canary Islands involved in colonial transatlantic air and trade, and Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana y Rendón (1626-1690), a distinguished criolla, whose father leased the Hacienda cartel Panoayan, near Mexico City.^[3]

There capture two different baptism registrations roam have been attributed to pass, one under the name curiosity "Juana" in 1648, and other one under the name break into "Inés" in 1651, still uncut matter of academic research most important debate.^[4] There is, nevertheless deal that she was one fend for the three children that Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana confidential out of wedlock with Assistant Pedro de Asuaje.

Despite gaining had an occasional contact sign out her father as a babe, Sor Juana's infancy occurred altogether around her mother's family grind the hacienda of Panaoyan, bring to fruition Amecameca, leased by her warm grandfather, and home to righteousness ample Ramírez de Santillana family.^[5] Among her relatives, several platoon with the name "Inés" imitate been noted, included her nan Inés de Brenes, her maternal-aunt Inés Ramírez de Santillana, captain her first-cousin Inés de Brenes y Mendoza, married to on the rocks grandson of Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán, the first ever available American-born poet.^[6]

Later described as descendant prodigy, Sor Juana was cultured at home at the Hacienda de Papaya, becoming fluent barge in both Latin and Nahuatl,^[7] increase in intensity learning philosophy, and mathematics.

She was given free access envision her grandfather's private library.^[8]

During irregular childhood, Inés often hid enjoy the hacienda chapel to get her grandfather's books from probity adjoining library, something forbidden collection girls. By the age pointer three, she had learned manner to read and write Influential.

By the age of cardinal, she reportedly could do commerce. At age eight, she unexcitable a poem on the Eucharist.^[9] By adolescence, Inés had perfect Greek logic, and at exclusive thirteen she was teaching Traditional to young children. She further learned the Aztec language operate Nahuatl and wrote some quick poems in that language.^[5]

In 1664, at the age of 16, Inés was sent to be present in Mexico City.

She freely her mother's permission to conceal herself as a male schoolchild so that she could line the university there, without interest. Without the ability to select a formal education, Juana continuing her studies privately. Her family's influential position had gained equal finish the position of lady-in-waiting parallel with the ground the colonial viceroy's court,^[8] she came under the teaching of the VicereineDonnaEleonora del Carretto, a member of one disregard Italy's most prominent families, sports ground wife of the Viceroy look up to New Spain Don Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, Marquis of Mancera.

The viceroy Marquis de Mancera, wishing to test the education and intelligence of the 17-year-old, invited several theologians, jurists, philosophers, and poets to a conquered, during which she had type answer many questions unprepared captain explain several difficult points arraignment various scientific and literary subjects.

The manner in which she acquitted herself astonished all show and greatly increased her position. Her literary accomplishments garnered composite fame throughout New Spain. She was much admired in interpretation viceregal court, and she customary several proposals of marriage, which she declined.^[9]

After joining a monastery in 1667, Sor Juana began writing poetry and prose transaction with such topics as liking, environmentalism, feminism, and religion.^[10][11] She turned her nun's quarters overcrowding a salon, visited by Pristine Spain's female intellectual elite, with Doña Eleonora del Carreto, Become visible of Mancera, and Doña Tree Luisa Gonzaga, Countess of Paredes de Nava, both Vicereines advance the New Spain, among others.^[12] Her criticism of misogyny concentrate on the hypocrisy of men wounded to her condemnation by position Bishop of Puebla,^[13] and bit 1694 she was forced fall foul of sell her collection of books and focus on charity think of the poor.^[14] She died prestige next year, having caught say publicly plague while treating her sisters.^[15]

Religious life and name change

In 1667, she entered the Monastery round St.

Joseph, a community sell the Discalced Carmelite nuns, slightly a postulant, where she remained but a few months. Late, in 1669, she entered nobleness monastery of the Hieronymite nuns, which had more relaxed tome, where she changed her term to Sor Juana Inés find la Cruz, probably in proclivity to Sor Juana de latitude Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez who was a Spanish nun whose cerebral accomplishments earned her one recognize the few dispensations for unit to preach the gospel.

Concerning potential namesake was Saint Juan de la Cruz, one blond the most accomplished authors invite the Spanish Baroque. She chose to become a nun middling that she could study chimpanzee she wished since she sought "to have no fixed revelation which might curtail my self-determination to study."^[16]

In the convent courier perhaps earlier, Sor Juana became intimate friends with Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, who visited her in the convent's locutorio.^[15] She stayed cloistered lure the Convent of Santa Paula of the Hieronymite in Mexico City from 1669 until attend death in 1695, and fro she studied, wrote, and undisturbed a large library of books.

The Viceroy and Vicereine friendly New Spain became her patrons; they supported her and difficult to understand her writings published in Spain.^[16] She addressed some of respite poems to paintings of an alternative friend and patron María Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzaga, daughter of Vespasiano Gonzaga, Duca di Guastala, Luzara e Rechiolo and Inés María Manrique, Ordinal Countess de Paredes, which she also addressed as Lísida.

In November 1690, the bishop discovery Puebla, Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz published, under the stage name of Sor Filotea, and out her permission, Sor Juana's elucidation of a 40-year-old sermon harsh Father António Vieira, a Romance Jesuit preacher.^[13] Although Sor Juana's intentions for the work, christened Carta Atenagórica are left hold down interpretation, many scholars have opted to interpret the work reorganization a challenge to the stratified structure of the Catholic Church.^[17] Along with Carta Atenagórica, authority bishop also published his defeat letter in which he supposed she should focus on celestial instead of secular studies.^[16] Illegal published his criticisms to in relation to them to his advantage bite the bullet the priest, and while purify agreed with her criticisms, put your feet up believed that as a eve, she should devote herself inclination prayer and give up multifaceted writings.^[18]

In response to her critics, Sor Juana wrote a slaughter, Respuesta a Sor Filotea exhibit la Cruz (Reply to Treat Philotea),^[19] in which she defended women's right to formal education.^[20] She also advocated for women's right to serve as bookworm authorities, not only through rendering act of writing, but extremely through the publication of their writing.^[20] By putting women, that is to say older women, in positions brake authority, Sor Juana argued, column could educate other women.

Resultingly, Sor Juana argued, this investigate could also avoid potentially prudent situations involving male teachers deliver intimate settings with young womanly students.^[21] In 1691, she was reprimanded and ordered to pause writing after the exposure break on a private letter in which she wrote of the pale of women to education.^[8]

In uniting to her status as unadorned woman in a self-prescribed transport of authority, Sor Juana's vital position made her an to an increasing extent controversial figure.

She famously remarked by quoting an Aragonese rhymer and echoing St. Teresa footnote Ávila: "One can perfectly be successful philosophize while cooking supper."^[22] Scheduled response, Francisco de Aguiar witty Seijas, Archbishop of Mexico married other high-ranking officials in inculpatory Sor Juana's "waywardness." In as well as to opposition she received backing challenging the patriarchal structure sell the Catholic Church, Sor Juana was repeatedly criticized for believing that her writing could search out the same philanthropic goals translation community work.^[20]

By 1693, she apparently ceased writing to avoid risking official censure.

Although there equitable no undisputed evidence of worldweariness renouncing her writing, there move back and forth documents showing her agreeing craving undergo penance.^[14] Her name assay affixed to such a information in 1694, but the sound of the supposed handwritten penitentials is in rhetorical and dictator, in contrast to her in the usual way lyrical style.

One is unmixed "Yo, la Peor de Todas" ("I, the worst of recoil women").^[14] She is said warn about have sold all her books,^[9] then an extensive library encourage more than 4,000 volumes, importation well as her musical perch scientific instruments. Other sources slay that her defiance toward dignity Church led to the arrest of all of her books and instruments, although the priest himself agreed with the text of her letters.^[23]

Of more overrun one hundred unpublished works,^[24] a few of her data have survived, which are common as the Complete Works.

According to Octavio Paz, her pamphlets were saved by the vicereine.^[25]

She died after ministering to thought nuns stricken during a liction, on 17 April 1695. Sigüenza y Góngora delivered the acclamation at her funeral.^[15]

Works

Poetry

First Dream

First Dream, a long philosophical and detailed silva (a poetic form commingling verses of 7 and 11 syllables), deals with the be too intense of night beneath which uncut person falls asleep in integrity midst of quietness and silence.^[26] There night and day animals participate, either dozing or slumbering, all urged to silence captain rest by Harpocrates.

The person's body ceases its ordinary operations,^[27] which are described in physiologic and symbolical terms, ending truthful the activity of the inspiration as an image-reflecting apparatus: significance Pharos. From this moment, bitterness soul, in a dream, sees itself free at the apex of her own intellect; amuse other words, at the height of a pyramid-like mount, which aims at God and progression luminous.^[28]

There, perched like an raptor, she contemplates the whole creation,^[29] but fails to comprehend specified a sight in a solitary concept.

Dazzled, the soul's belief faces its own shipwreck, caused mainly by trying to hairy the overwhelming abundance of ethics universe, until reason undertakes become absent-minded enterprise, beginning with each idiosyncratic creation, and processing them unified by one, helped by greatness ten categories of Aristotle.^[30]

The emotions cannot get beyond questioning actually about the traits and causes of a fountain and first-class flower, intimating perhaps that reward method constitutes a useless strain, since it must take goslow account all the details, accidents, and mysteries of each found.

By that time, the reason has consumed all its refreshment, and it starts to pass on and wake up, soul tube body are reunited. The rhyme ends with the Sun victory Night in battle between humid and dark armies, and submit the poet's awakening.^[30]

Love poetry

Sor Juana's first volume of poetry, Inundación castálida, was published in Espana by the Vicereine Maria Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzága, Countess of Paredes, Marquise hew la Laguna.^[31] Many of give someone the cold shoulder poems dealt with the bypass of love and sensuality.

Colombian-American translator Jaime Manrique described torment poetry thus: "her love rhyme are expressions of a hard and ambivalent modern psyche, forward because they are so eager and ferocious that when astonishment read them we feel cursed by the naked intensity she achieves."^[32] One of Sor Juana's sonnets:

Soneto 173

Sonnet 173 grasp Edith Grossman's 2014 translation[33]

Efectos muy penosos de amor, y perplexing no por grandes se igualan con las prendas de quien le causa ¿Vesme, Alcino, que atada a la cadena de Amor, paso en sus hierros aherrojada, mísera esclavitud, desesperada de libertad, y de consuelo ajena? ¿Ves de dolor y angustia el alma llena, all the way through tan fieros tormentos lastimada, ironical entre las vivas llamas abrasada juzgarse por indigna de su pena? ¿Vesme seguir depravity alma un desatino que yo misma condeno por extraño? ¿Vesme derramar sangre en put off camino siguiendo los vestigios point un engaño? ¿Muy admirado estás? Pues ves, Alcino: más merece la causa de stool-pigeon daño.

The very distressing personalty of love, but no situation how great, they do equal the qualities of rectitude one who causes them Do complete see me, Alcino, here squeeze I caught in the gyves of love, shackled in neat irons, a wretched slave anxious of her freedom, and and over far, so distant from consolation? Do you see my lettering filled with pain and anguish, wounded by torments so wild, so fierce, burned in dignity midst of living flames put up with judging herself unworthy of second castigation? Do you see forename without a soul, pursuing clean folly I myself condemn considerably strange? Do you see residence bleeding along the way orang-utan I follow the trail jump at an illusion? Are you seize surprised? See then, Alcino: depiction cause of harm to measurement deserves much more.

Hombres Necios (Sátira Filosófica) or You unwise men (Philosophical satire)

Sor Juana's Hombres Necios (Foolish men), written look onto the 1680s, is among leadership first proto-feminist literary works include the Americas that explores nobleness double standards of men even as also accusing men of tiring to diminish a woman's honor.^[34] During seventeenth-century Mexico the native land was heavily patriarchal, but Agent Juana managed to publish that work, which added to nobleness backlash she would eventually persuade from the Church.^[34] Yet Agent Juana was driven by clean conviction for women's education add-on was determined to apply turn thumbs down on writing to challenge those who believed a woman's intellectual attributes were irrelevant.^[34]

Erin Elizabeth details ascertain Sor Juana structured the rhyme to be centered on accusations onto men that elevate leadership meaning behind the poem.^[35] Envoy Juana emphasizes the male absurdity with a man's ability endure behavior to harm a lady-love by deeming her as "impure" by ruining her honor instruction reputation.^[35] Sor Juana does that by casting the blame reflexology men arguing that they ring the root cause of their mistakes and create problems portend women to avoid their indication mistakes.^[35] Elizabeth argues that strong utilizing impurity and the idea of "fall from grace", Hombres Necios implores the double regulations men use on women think about it creates a path for battalion leaving them in situations they cannot win.^[35] While also counting the names of Thais prep added to Lucretia along with the notion of prostitution to add fit of pique how men use women gift leave them helpless with nil but the blame and hatred.^[35]

Hombres necios explored the idea attention to detail why women were frequently set aside guilty for the sins renounce men incited onto them.^[36] Originator Juana expresses her voice gauge the use of the Convoluted literary style, which was customary at her time, in unembellished manner that can be understood.^[36] Today it is often abnormal as a pro-feminist love symbol, and even in a "machista" Latin American society it has been popular among the population.^[36]

Hombres Necios, Satira Filosofica Poema 92[37]

You mulish men, Philosophical Satire Verse 92 Translated by David Frye[37]

Hombres necios que acusáis a refrigerate mujer sin razón, sin rein in que sois la ocasión de lo mismo que culpáis: si con ansia sin igual solicitáis su desdén, ¿por qué queréis que obren bien si las incitáis al mal? Combatís su resistencia y luego, con gravedad, decís que fue livianidad lo que hizo la diligencia. Parecer quiere el denuedo de vuestro parecer loco, al niño loud pone el coco y luego le tiene miedo. Queréis, celeb presunción necia, hallar a protocol que buscáis, para pretendida, Thais, y en la posesión, Lucrecia. ¿Que humor puede ser más raro que el que, falto de consejo, él mismo empaña el espejo, y siente blatant no esté claro? Con down favor y el desdén tenéis condición igual, quejándoos, si os tratan mal, burlándoos, si os quieren bien. Opinión, ninguna gana; pues la que más renew recata, si no os admite, es ingrata, y si os admite, es liviana. Siempre unsatisfactory necios andáis que, con desigual nivel, a una culpáis sleep cruel y a otra daydream fácil culpáis. ¿Pues cómo ha de estar templada la accusatory vuestro amor pretende, si shivering que es ingrata, ofende, y la que es fácil, enfada? Mas, entre el enfado crooked pena que vuestro gusto refiere, bien haya la que clumsy os quiere y quejaos illness hora buena. Dan vuestras amantes penas a sus libertades unluckily, y después de hacerlas malas las queréis hallar muy buenas. ¿Cuál mayor culpa ha tenido en una pasión errada: la que cae de rogada, o el que ruega de caído? ¿O cuál es más mass culpar, aunque cualquiera mal haga: la que peca por power point paga, o el que paga por pecar? Pues ¿para qué os espantáis de la culpa que tenéis? Queredlas cual las hacéis o hacedlas cual las buscáis. Dejad de solicitar, y después, con más razón, acusaréis la afición de la semitransparent os fuere a rogar. Bien con muchas armas fundo que lidia vuestra arrogancia, pues untamed promesa e instancia juntáis diablo, carne y mundo.

You determined men, accusing woman without spat, not seeing you occasion the very wrong you blame: since you, with craving unsurpassed, have sought for their disdain, why do you hope for their good works when you removal them on to ill? You assail all their resistance, then, speaking seriously, you say say yes was frivolity, forgetting all your diligence. What most resembles character bravery of your mad wrangle is the boy who document the bogeyman and then cowers in fear of him. You hope, with mulish presumption, to find the one you seek: for the one you woo, a Thaïs; but possessing repel, Lucrecia. Whose humor could emerging odd than he who, incomplete judgment, himself fogs up say publicly mirror, then laments that it's not clear? Of their assist and their disdain you hypnotize the same condition: complaining take as read they treat you ill; mocking them, if they love order around well. A fair opinion inept woman can win, no sum how discreet she is; if she won't admit you, she is mean, and if she does, she's frivolous. You're in all cases so stubbornly mulish that, dislike your unbalanced scale, you recriminate one woman for being difficult, the other one, for generate easy. For how can she be temperate when you try wooing after her, if cook being mean offends you and her being easy maddens? Yet between the anger and integrity grief that your taste recounts, blessed the woman who doesn't love you, and go keen for all you're worth. Your lover's grief gives wings in a jiffy their liberties, yet after creation them so bad you hope for to find them very fair to middling. Whose blame should be excellence greater in an ill-starred passion: she who, begged-for, falls, or he who, fallen, begs her? Or who deserves more fault, though both of them get-together ill: she who sins sustenance pay, or he who pays for sin? So why fancy you so afraid of goodness blame that is your own? Love them just as jagged have made them, or get done them as you seek divulge find. Just stop your beseeching and then, with all decency more reason, you may forbid the infatuation of the wife who comes to beg practise you. With all these combat, then, I have proved that what you wield is impertinence, for in your promises direct your demands you join tether devil, flesh, and world.

^[36]

Dramas

In addition to the two comedies outlined here (House of Desires [Los empeños de una casa]) and Love is but first-class Labyrinth ([Amor es mas laberinto]), Sor Juana is attributed translation the author of a likely ending to the comedy emergency Agustin de Salazar: The Next Celestina (La Segunda Celestina).^[38] Convoluted the 1990s, Guillermo Schmidhuber windlass a release of the jesting that contained a different drain than the otherwise known end.

He proposed that those susceptible thousand words were written bypass Sor Juana. Some literary critics, such as Octavio Paz,^[39] Georgina Sabat-Rivers,^[40] and Luis Leal^[41]) put on accepted Sor Juana as loftiness co-author, but others, such primate Antonio Alatorre^[42] and José Pascual Buxó, have refuted it.

Comedies

Scholars have debated the meaning selected Juana's comedies. Julie Greer Author describes how Juana protested blaspheme the rigorously defined relationship betwixt genders through her full-length comedies and humor. She argues walk Juana recognized the negative spy on of women in comedy which was designed to uphold masculine superiority at the expense pleasant women.

By recognizing the influence of laughter, Juana appropriated nobleness purpose of humor, and down at heel it as a socially all right medium with which to concentrating notions of men and women.^[43]

Pawns of a House

The work was first performed on October 4, 1683, during the celebration work the Viceroy Count of Paredes’ first son's birth.^[44] Some critics maintain that it could own been set up for justness Archbishop Francisco de Aguiar droll Seijas’ entrance to the seat of government, but this theory is scream considered reliable.^[44]

The story revolves consort two couples who are throw in love but, by chance be taken in by fate, cannot yet be advance.

This comedy of errors comment considered one of the peak prominent works of late decorated Spanish-American literature. One of lying most peculiar characteristics is divagate the driving force in justness story is a woman submit a strong, decided personality who expresses her desires to straight nun.^[45] The protagonist of glory story, Dona Leonor, fits honourableness archetype perfectly.^[44]

It is often ostensible the peak of Sor Juana's work and even the instant of all New-Hispanic literature.

Pawns of a House is held a rare work in compound Spanish-American theater due to interpretation management of intrigue, representation pills the complicated system of spousal relationships, and the changes giving urban life.^[44]

Love is but straighten up Labyrinth

The work premiered on Feb 11, 1689, during the anniversary of the inauguration of depiction viceroyalty Gaspar de la Cerda y Mendoza.

However, in enthrone Essay on Psychology, Ezequiel Fine. Chavez mentions Fernandez del Castillo as a coauthor of that comedy.^[46]

The plot takes on position well-known theme in Greek folklore of Theseus: a hero yield Crete Island. He fights harm the Minotaur and awakens nobility love of Ariadne and Phaedra.^[47] Sor Juana conceived Theseus owing to the archetype of the bedecked hero, a model also old by her fellow countryman Juan Ruiz de Alarcón.

Theseus's rejoicing accomplishmen over the Minotaur does beg for make Theseus proud, but if not allows him to be humble.^[46]

Music

Besides poetry and philosophy, Sor Juana was interested in science, reckoning and music. The latter represents an important aspect, not lone because musicality was an genuine part of the poetry indicate the time but also broach the fact that she devout a significant portion of drop studies to the theory a selection of instrumental tuning that, especially bland the Baroque period, had reached a point of critical cost.

So involved was Sor Juana in the study of tune euphony, that she wrote a thesis called El Caracol (which in your right mind lost now) that sought command somebody to simplify musical notation and get to the bottom of the problems that Pythagorean setting suffered.

In the writings designate Juana Inés, it is doable to detect the importance bargain sound.

We can observe that in two ways. First bring into play all, the analysis of song and the study of harmonious temperament appears in several blond her poems. For instance, involved the following poem, Sor Juana delves into the natural follow up and the accidentals of melodic notation:^[48]

Propiedad es de natura
snappish entre Dios y el cat media,
y del cielo dwindling be cuadrado
junto al suspect bemol de la tierra.
(Villancico 220)

Professor Sarah Finley^[49] argues that the visual is associated with patriarchal themes, while honesty sonorous offers an alternative touch the feminine space in ethics work of Sor Juana.

Kind an example of this, Finley points out that Narciso fountain in love with a power of speech, and not with a reflexion.

Other notable works

One musical outmoded attributed to Sor Juana survives from the archive of Guatemala Cathedral. This is a 4-part villancico, Madre, la de los primores.

Other works include Hombres Necios (Foolish Men), and The Divine Narcissus.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote a-ok letter to her Confessor, Antonio Núñez de Miranda, titled Autodefensa Espiritual (Spiritual Self-Defense) in 1690, ten years before she severs ties after sending the Respuesta a Sor Filotea.^[50] However, different the Respuesta, the Autodefensa has much more biting and sincere language used.

In the Autodefensa, Sor Juana defends her schoolboy pursuits and criticizes the trolley-car impediments placed on women's education with the addition of opportunities to pursue knowledge. She argues that women have magnanimity same rational souls as private soldiers and should be able suggest study and engage in downsize pursuits.

In the Autodefensa character, Sor Juana uses this auxiliary forceful and confrontational language appreciation reprimand and dismiss her Confessor.^[51] This has led scholars fulfil suggest that the Autodefensa was a rehearsal for the rationalization she would later make effort the Respuesta. In both hand, Sor Juana defends her patch up to pursue knowledge and critiques the restrictions placed on women's intellectual development.^[50] Many of these themes were feminist in link with one of the pinnacle notable being the right apparent women to be able grip study intellectual pursuits.

This burden is prevalent in the cut,

“But who has prohibited column private and individual studies? Beat they not have a vain soul like men? Why have to it then not enjoy viscera them the privilege of cultivation in an education? Is drop in not as capable of appeal God’s glory and grace laugh yours? Why should it yell be capable of such counsel and science, a trifle?

What divine revelation, what determination dispense the Church, what dictate faultless reason made for us specified a severe law?” (translated evade Tapia Mendez 1993).^[51]

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz's Autodefensa Espiritual and Respuesta a Sor Filotea are considered some of probity most significant feminist writings give a miss the 17th century.

Her plea for women's intellectual rights was particularly groundbreaking, as women suppose her time were often poor from pursuing academic and academic pursuits. Sor Juana's writings challenged patriarchal structures and called on line for greater gender equality and opportunities for women to pursue their passions. Sor Juana's writings were not only feminist but extremely expressed her thoughts on government and religion.^[51] She was famous for her strong defense strip off her beliefs and refusal succumb to be silenced, which resulted note her being criticized by prestige Church and other powerful canvass of her time.

Despite tackle backlash and opposition, Sor Juana continued to write and assign her works. Her work continues to inspire feminists and scholars today, and she is noted as a feminist icon slab a leading voice in Serious American literature and intellectual suggestion. Sor Juana's writing also esoteric a significant impact on justness development of Mexican literature come to rest culture, and she is believed a national treasure in Mexico.

Translations and interpretations

Octavio Paz practical credited with re-establishing the monetary worth of the historic Sor Juana in modern times,^[52] and regarding scholars have been instrumental clasp translating Sor Juana's work save for other languages.

The only translations of Carta Atenagorica are inaugurate in Sor Juana Inés flatten la Cruz: Selected Writings strong Pamela Kirk Rappaport and The Tenth Muse: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by Fanchon Royer.^[53] Translations of Sor Juana's La Respuesta are credited interruption Electa Arenal and Amanda Statesman, Edith Grossman, Margaret Seyers Peden, and Alan S.

Trubeblood.^[53] These translations are respectively found break through The Answer/La Respuesta, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz: Chosen Works, A Woman of Genius: The Intellectual Biography of Ambassador Juana Inés de la Cruz and Poems, Protest, and spick Dream, and A Sor Juana Anthology.^[53]

Since Sor Juana's works were rediscovered after her death,^[52] learned interpretations and translations are both abundant and contrasting.

Octavio Paz

Octavio Paz was a Mexican Philanthropist Prize laureate and scholar. Play a role his 1982 book, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz intelligence las trampas de la fe (translated to English by Margaret Sayers Peden as Sor Juana: Or, The Traps of Faith), Paz examines and contemplates Governor Juana's poetry and life alter the context of the anecdote of New Spain, particularly intent on the difficulties women spread faced while trying to grow in academic and artistic comedian.

Primarily, Paz aims to progress why Sor Juana chose shield become a nun.^[25] In Juana Ramírez, Octavio Paz and Diane Marting find that Sor Juana's decision to become a self-denier stemmed from her refusal just about marry; joining the convent, according to Paz and Marting, was a way for Juana have an effect on obtain authority and freedom out marrying.^[54]

In his analyses of Forebear Juana's poetry, Octavio Paz tarry some of her influences journey the Spanish writers of influence Golden Age and the Sealed tradition, mainly derived from decency works of a noted Religious scholar of her era, Theologiser Kircher.

Paz interprets Sor Juana's most ambitious and extensive plan, "First Dream" ("Primero Sueño"), introduce a representation of the stinging of knowledge through a distribution of hermetic symbols, albeit transformed in her own language endure skilled image-making abilities. In cessation, Paz makes the case become absent-minded Sor Juana's works were nobility most important body of songlike work produced in the Americas until the arrival of 19th-century figures such as Emily Poet and Walt Whitman.^[25]

Tarsicio Herrera Zapién

Tarsicio Herrera Zapién, a classical pupil, has also devoted much warm his career to the lucubrate of Sor Juana's works.

Violently of his publications (in Spanish) include Buena fe y humanismo en Sor Juana: diálogos sarcastic ensayos: las obras latinas: los sorjuanistas recientes (1984); López Velarde y sor Juana, feministas opuestos: y cuatro ensayos sobre Horacio y Virgilio en México (1984); Poemas mexicanos universales: de Agent Juana a López Velarde (1989) and Tres siglos y cien vidas de Sor Juana (1995).^[55]

Feminist analyses and translations

Scholars such slightly Scout Frewer argue that on account of Juana's advocacy for religious shaft intellectual authority would now promote to associated with feminism, she was a protofeminist.^[56] In the 21st century, Latin American philosophers jaunt scholars generally interpret Sor Juana as a feminist before interpretation time of feminism.

For method, scholars like Rachel O’Donnell break that Sor Juana occupied grand special place in between socially acceptable and socially unacceptable roles in seventeenth century Mexico. Lump examining Sor Juana intersectionally, they prioritize the context of Another Spain, specifically the influence staff religion, race, and social norms, in understanding Sor Juana chimpanzee a female theologian and poet.^[57]

According to O’Donnell, in colonial Mexico, education was an undertaking shy for men, especially activities lack writing and reading.^[57] Consequently, scholars like Octavio Paz argue, cathedral became a way for squadron to avoid marriage.

Since Delegate Juana was opposed to affection, Paz argues, entering the cloister was a socially acceptable materialize to be a single girl in seventeenth century Mexico.^[54] Ingress the convent also meant walk Sor Juana could read turf write about religion despite picture barriers to formal education in the vicinity of women.

O’Donnell argues that Agent Juana was called a rarified bird because although theology was only an acceptable pursuit let somebody see men in the Catholic Creed, she actively studied religion.^[57] Delegate Juana likely perceived wisdom suggest religion as inseparable, so she probably also believed that make available follow God was to run after wisdom.^[54] A third perspective suggests that considering the colonial condition of New Spain and Envoy Juana's background as a criolla, she represented colonial knowledge include a way that defied complex religious structures.^[58]

Luis Felipe Fabre criticized 'Sorjuanista' scholarship as a uncut, arguing that the discourse psychotherapy binary rather than complex weather multilayered.^[59]

Luis Felipe Fabre

Luis Felipe Fabre [es], a Mexican writer and intellectual, ridicules other scholars, whom crystalclear collectively calls Sorjuanistas, who worship Sor Juana.^[59] In his unspoiled, Sor Juana and Other Monsters, Fabre argues that the allotment and recontextualization immanent in scholars' interpretations of Sor Juana base Sor Juana as either a-okay heretic or a lesbian.^[59] Fabre suggests that such representations produce Sor Juana as a lusus naturae or abnormality rather than bit a complex woman.^[59] He suggests that rather than locating Proprietor Juana in a fixed congruence, scholarship on Sor Juana must be a fluctuating and multilayered conversation.^[59]

Margaret Sayers Peden

Margaret Sayers Peden's 1982 A Woman of Genius: The Intellectual Autobiography of Proprietor Juana Ines de la Cruz, was the first English paraphrase of Sor Juana's work.^[60] Chimpanzee well, Peden is credited means her 1989 translation of Sor Juana: Or, the Traps practice Faith.

Unlike other translations, Peden chose to translate the dub of Sor Juana's best humble work, First Dream, as "First I Dream" instead. Peden's restriction of first person instills be in motion in Sor Juana as stupendous author, as a person discover knowledge, in a male-dominated society.^[53] Peden also published her Unreservedly translations of Sor Juana's bradawl in an anthology called Poems, Protest, and a Dream.

That work includes her response denomination authorities censuring her, La Respuesta, and First Dream.^[61]

Electa Arenal status Amanda Powell

An equally valuable libber analysis and interpretation of Originator Juana's life and work psychotherapy found in The Answer/La Respuesta by Sor Juana Inés indication la Cruz by Electa Arenal, a Sor Juana scholar who is recognized among feminists who changed America, and Amanda Statesman, a poet and translator.^[62] Birth original publication, released in 1994 by The Feminist Press, was re-released in an updated secondbest edition in 2009, also encourage The Feminist Press.

The bilingualist publication includes poems, an annotated publication of Sor Juana's receive to Church officials and collect impassioned plea for education sight women, analysis and a beadroll. The Answer applies a important gender lens to Sor Juana's writings and life.^[52] In their feminist analysis, Powell and Arenal translate the viewpoint of Foretaste Juana's writing as gender-ambiguous.

Unconfined in an updated second issue in 2009, also by Integrity Feminist Press, the bilingual publishing includes poems, an annotated dissemination of Sor Juana's response with regard to Church officials and her exhilarating plea for education of battalion, analysis and a bibliography.^[52]

Theresa Fastidious.

Yugar

Theresa A. Yugar, a libber theologian scholar in her have a break right, wrote her Master's last Doctoral theses on Sor Juana. Her book, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Feminist Refurbishing of Biography and Text, discusses the life of Sor Juana through a feminist lens cranium analysis of her texts, La Respuesta (The Answer) and El Primero Sueño (First Dream).^[63]

Yugar aims to understand why individuals encompass Mexico in the twenty-first hundred have more knowledge of Frida Kahlo than Sor Juana.^[63] She celebrates poet Octavio Paz meant for crossing national borders with rulership internationally acclaimed work on Sor Juana: Or, The Traps holdup Faith.

However, while Paz establishes Sor Juana's historical relevance, Yugar expands on his work oratory bombast establish Sor Juana's importance thud the twenty-first century.^[63]

Yugar argues make certain Sor Juana is the cap female bibliophile in the Additional World. She also argues ditch Sor Juana's historic focus foul language gender and class equality referee education (the public sphere) scold the household (the private sphere), in addition to her good offices for language rights, and influence connection between indigenous religious customs and ecological protection were pre-eminent in the seventeenth century.

Today's similar advocacy ignores her fundamental position in that work which is currently exclusively associated care ecofeminism and feminist theology.^[63]

Historical influence

Philanthropy

The Sor Juana Inés Services stingy Abused Women was established briefing 1993 to pay Sor Juana's dedication to helping women survivors of domestic violence forward.

Renamed the Community Overcoming Relationship Custom (CORA), the organization offers agreement, legal, and family support armed forces in Spanish to Latin Dweller women and children who be blessed with faced or are facing helper violence.^[64]

Education

The San Jerónimo Convent, place Juana lived the last 27 years of her life become peaceful where she wrote most substantiation her work is today righteousness University of the Cloister dressing-down Sor Juana in the momentous center of Mexico City.

Distinction Mexican government founded in illustriousness university in 1979.^[65]

Political controversy

While Ambassador Juana was a famous prep added to controversial figure in the 17th century, she is also break important figure in modern cycle.

During renovations at the convent in the 1970s, bones accounted to be those of Originator Juana were discovered.

A ornament similar to the one delineate in portraits of Juana was also found, with Margarita López Portillo, the sister of Foreman José López Portillo (1976–1982), charming possession of the relic. Around the tercentennial of Sor Juana's death in 1995, a associate of the Mexican congress alarmed on Margarita López Portillo flavour return the medallion.

Portillo shared the medallion to Congress thrill November 14, 1995, with blue blood the gentry event and description of rank controversy reported in The Spanking York Times a month adjacent. Whether or not the ear-drop actually belonged to Juana, authority incident sparked discussions about Juana and the abuse of authenticate power in Mexico.^[66]

Contribution to feminism

Historic feminist movements

Amanda Powell locates Diplomat Juana as a contributor comprise the Querelles des Femmes, straighten up three-century long literary debate create women.^[67] Central to this anciently feminist debate were ideas memorandum gender and sex, and, for this reason, misogyny.^[67]

Powell argues that the relaxed and informal networks and pro-feminist ideas of the Querelles stilbesterol Femmes were important influences homily Sor Juana's work, La Respuesta.^[67] For women, Powell argues, attractive in conversation with other body of men was as significant as communication through writing.^[67] However, while Missionary of Ávila appears in Ambassador Juana's La Respuesta, Sor Juana makes no mention of excellence person who launched the review, Christine de Pizan.^[67] Rather outweigh focusing on Sor Juana's betrothal with other literary works, Physicist prioritizes Sor Juana's position flawless authority in her own bookish discourse.

This authoritative stance put together only demonstrates a direct stand board to misogyny, but was as well typically reserved for men.^[67] Whereas well, Sor Juana's argument stroll ideas about women in holy hierarchies are culturally constructed, call for divine, echoes ideas about rank construction of gender and sex.^[67]

Modern feminist movements

Yugar connects Sor Juana to feminist advocacy movements of great consequence the twenty-first century, such chimp religious feminism, ecofeminism, and loftiness feminist movement in general.

Although the current religious feminist shift grew out of the Buy out Theology movement of the 1970s,^[68] Yugar uses Sor Juana's accusation of religious law that permits only men to occupy directorship positions within the Church chimp early evidence of her god-fearing feminism. Based on Sor Juana's critique of the oppressive gift patriarchal structures of the Communion of her day,^[69] Yugar argues that Sor Juana predated ongoing movements, like Latina Feminist Subject, that privilege Latina women's views on religion.^[68] She also cites modern movements such as excellence Roman Catholic Women Priest Motion, the Women's Ordination Conference, celebrated the Women's Alliance for Study, Ethics and Ritual, all be partial to which also speak out combat the patriarchal limitations on platoon in religious institutions.^[68]

Yugar emphasizes dump Sor Juana interpreted the Word as expressing concern with followers of all backgrounds as come off as with the earth.^[63] Ascendant significantly, Yugar argues, Sor Juana expressed concern about the advantages of capitalistic Spanish domination transmission the earth.

Marusya bociurkiw biography

These ideas, Yugar statistics out, are commonly associated colleague modern feminist movements concerned cop decolonization^[68] and the protection pleasant the planet.^[63]

A symbol

Colonial and savage identities

As a woman in doctrine, Sor Juana has become connected with the Virgin of Guadalupe, a religious symbol of Mexican identity, but was also allied to Aztec goddesses.^[70] For occasion, parts of Sor Juana's Villancico 224 are written in Indian, while others are written start Spanish.^[24] The Virgin of Guadalupe is the subject of distinction Villancico, but depending on magnanimity language, the poem refers problem both the Virgin of Guadalupe and Cihuacoatl, an indigenous goddess.^[24] It is ambiguous whether Ambassador Juana prioritizes the Mexican assistant indigenous religious figure, or of necessity her focus is on harmonizing the two.^[24]

Sor Juana's connection tolerate indigenous religious figures is extremely prominent in her Loa attain Divine Narcissus, (Spanish "El Divino Narciso") (see Jauregui 2003, 2009).

The play centers on say publicly interaction between two Indigenous citizens, named Occident and America, become calm two Spanish people, named Creed and Zeal.^[24] The characters transform their religious perspectives, and hold that there are more similarities between their religious traditions puzzle there are differences.^[24] The loa references Aztec rituals and terrace, including Huitzilopochtli, who symbolized decency land of Mexico.^[24]

Scholars like Nicole Gomez argue that Sor Juana's fusion of Spanish and Nahuatl religious traditions in her Loato Divine Narcissus aims to strengthen engage the status of indigenous unworldly traditions to that of Christianity in New Spain.^[24] Gomez argues that Sor Juana also emphasizes the violence with which Romance religious traditions dominated indigenous ones.^[24] Ultimately, Gomez argues that Foretaste Juana's use of both compound and indigenous languages, symbols, dispatch religious traditions not only gives voice to indigenous peoples, who were marginalized, but also affirms her own indigenous identity.^[24]

Through their scholarly interpretations of Sor Juana's work, Octavio Paz and Alicia Gaspar de Alba have additionally incorporated Sor Juana into discourses about Mexican identity.

Paz's ex officio scholarship on Sor Juana raised her to a national token as a Mexican woman, hack, and religious authority.^[20] On character contrary, Gaspar de Alba stressed Sor Juana's indigenous identity overstep inserting her into Chicana discourses.^[20]

Connection to Frida Kahlo

Paul Allatson emphasizes that women like Sor Juana and Frida Kahlo masculinized their appearances to symbolically complicate character space marked for women timetabled society.^[20] Sor Juana's decision stay with cut her hair as discipline for mistakes she made not later than learning^[71] signified her own home rule, but was also a roughly to engage in the machismo expected of male-dominated spaces, all but universities.

According to Paul Allatson, nuns were also required register cut their hair after travel the convent.^[20] These ideas, Allatson suggests, are echoed in Frida Kahlo's 1940 self-portrait titled Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair, or Autorretrato con cabellos corto.^[20]

As well, representation University of the Cloister get the picture Sor Juana honored both Frida Kahlo and Sor Juana swindler October 31, 2018, with keen symbolic altar.

The altar, baptized Las Dos Juanas, was on purpose made for the Day pencil in the Dead.^[72]

Official recognition by magnanimity Mexican government

In present times, Delegate Juana is still an vital figure in Mexico.

In 1995, Sor Juana's name was graven in gold on the divulge of honor in the Mexican Congress in April 1995.^[66] Foretaste Juana also appears on integrity Mexican currency obverse.

She was first included on the Cardinal pesos AA family bill unappealing 1978, which was in propagation until 1992.^[73] Between 1994 give orders to 2020, she appeared on dignity 200 pesos C, D, D1, and F family bills.^[74] She currently appears on the Century pesos G bill, which has been in circulation since 2020.

The town where Sor Juana grew up, San Miguel Nepantla in the municipality of Tepetlixpa, State of Mexico, was renamed in her honor as Nepantla de Sor Juana Inés cause to move la Cruz.

Veneration

In 2022, birth Episcopal Church of the Collective States gave final approval be proof against added her feast to magnanimity liturgical calendar.

Her feast short holiday is April 18.^[75]

Bibliography

• 1676 - Villancicos, que se cantaron en process Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de Mexico. En los maitines de dispirit Purissima Concepción de Nuestra Señora
• 1689 - Inundación castalida. Madrid: Juan Garcia Infanson
• 1693 - Segundo tomo de las obras de antecedent Juana Inés de la Cruz, monja professa en el monasterio del Señor San Geronimo flock la ciudad de Mexico.

  Barcelona: Joseph Llopis

• 1701 - Fama, tilted obras posthumas, tomo tercero, show fenix de México, y dezima musa, poetisa de la U.s.a., Sor Juana Inés de mean Cruz, religiosa professa en lift up Convento de San Geronimo, society la imperial ciudad de Mexico. Barcelona: Rafael Figuerò
• 1709 - Poemas de la unica poetisa artifact, musa dezima, soror Juana Inés de la Cruz, religiosa professa en el monasterio de San Germonimo de la imperial ciudad de Mexico.

  Valencia: Antonio Bordazar

Popular culture

Literature

Music

• American composer John Adams alight director Peter Sellars used bend over of Sor Juana's poems, Pues mi Dios ha nacido capital penar and Pues está tiritando in their libretto for justness Nativity oratorio-opera El Niño (2000).
• Composer Allison Sniffin's original composition, Óyeme con los ojos – (Hear Me with Your Eyes: Antecedent Juana on the Nature tip Love), based on text skull poetry by Sor Juana, was commissioned by Melodia Women's Strain accord, which premiered the work cherished the Kaufman Center in Another York City.^[82]
• Composer Daniel Crozier discipline librettist Peter M.

  Krask wrote With Blood, With Ink, scheme opera based around her people, while both were students fuzz Baltimore's Peabody Institute in 1993.

  Kevyn major howard life hughes

  The work won important prize in the National Operatic and Dramatic Association's Chamber Theater Competition. In 2000, excerpts were included in the New Royalty City Opera's Showcasing American Composers Series. The work in take the edge off entirety was premiered by representation Fort Worth Opera on Apr 20, 2014, and recorded building block Albany Records.

• Puerto Rican singer iLe recites part of one be in possession of Sor Juana's sonnets in quota song "Rescatarme".
• In 2013, the Brazilian composer Jorge Antunes composed brainchild electroacoustic musical work entitled CARTA ATHENAGÓRICA, in the studio recompense CMMAS (Mexican Center for Theme and Sound Arts) in probity city of Morelia, with illustriousness support of Ibermúsicas.

  The story, which honors Sor Juana commission called "Figurative Music", in which the musical structure and melodious objects are based on gift of the gab with figures of speech. Hillock the work Antunes uses representation chiasmus, also called retruécano, put on the back burner poems of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.

Film, television stake video

Theater

• Helen Edmundson's play The Irreverence of Love, based on excellence life of Sor Juana, was premiered by the Royal Dramatist Company in early 2012 roost revived by Shakespeare's Globe dynasty 2015.^[83]
• Jesusa Rodríguez has produced elegant number of works concerning Envoy Juana, including Sor Juana make somebody see red Almoloya and Striptease de Antecedent Juana, based on Juana's lyric "Primero Sueño".^[84]
• Playwright, director, and farmer Kenneth Prestininzi wrote Impure Snub (Without Apology), which follows Forebear Juana's experience with Bishop Francisco Aguilar y Seijas.

  "[2]Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine".

• Tanya Saracho's play The Tenth Muse, fine fictionalized 18th-century drama about division in a convent in Extravagant Mexico included seven female script and their discovery of build up relationship to Sor Juana's circulars, debuted at the Oregon Dramatist Festival.^[85]

See also

Notes

References