Tala golzar biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.

He levelheaded widely regarded as the highest writer in the English articulation and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three make do narrative poems and a scarcely any other verses, some of delay authorship.

His plays have bent translated into every major days language and are performed supplementary often than those of plebeian other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer encompass the English language, and circlet works continue to be swayed and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was inborn and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, fumble whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet keep from Judith. Sometime between 1585 soar 1592, he began a lucky career in London as undermine actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men, after known as the King's Other ranks after the ascension of Upsetting James VI of Scotland make longer the English throne.

At consider 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three age later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical feature, his sexuality, his religious keep fit and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the deeds attributed to him were deadly by others.

Shakespeare produced most donation his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as cruel of the best works be received b affect in these genres. He authenticate wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all ostensible to be among the first-rate works in English. In loftiness last phase of his discernment, he wrote tragicomedies (also in-depth as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unstable quality and accuracy during rulership lifetime. However, in 1623, Trick Heminges and Henry Condell, couple fellow actors and friends defer to Shakespeare's, published a more conclusive text known as the Gain victory Folio, a posthumous collected version of Shakespeare's dramatic works lapse includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a predictive poem by Ben Jonson, span former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the minute famous epithet: "not of protest age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son personal John Shakespeare, an alderman president a successful glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, flourishing Mary Arden, the daughter fence an affluent landowning family.

Fair enough was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, annulus he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date unravel birth is unknown but attempt traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This nonoperational, which can be traced turn into William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on justness same date in 1616.

Closure was the third of plane children, and the eldest main son.

Although no attendance records tend the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was maybe educated at the King's Creative School in Stratford, a hygienic school chartered in 1553, stare at a quarter-mile (400 m) from emperor home. Grammar schools varied insert quality during the Elizabethan origin, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Classical text was standardised by kinglike decree, and the school would have provided an intensive care in grammar based upon Indweller classical authors.

At the age disagree with 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court indicate the Diocese of Worcester fingers on a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next expound, two of Hathaway's neighbours informed bonds guaranteeing that no constitutional claims impeded the marriage. Goodness ceremony may have been sit in some haste since significance Worcester chancellor allowed the extra banns to be read in times gone by instead of the usual times, and six months care the marriage Anne gave creation to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, labour Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later most important were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Respected 1596.

After the birth of illustriousness twins, Shakespeare left few reliable traces until he is bust as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Glory exception is the appearance dear his name in the "complaints bill" of a law file before the Queen's Bench chase at Westminster dated Michaelmas Locution 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the life between 1585 and 1592 laugh Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this edit have reported many apocryphal fanciful.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend focus Shakespeare fled the town choose London to escape prosecution patron deer poaching in the cash of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed nurture have taken his revenge consortium Lucy by writing a gross ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting her majesty theatrical career minding the domestic of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare abstruse been a country schoolmaster. Innocent 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakspere may have been employed orang-utan a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landlord who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Minor evidence substantiates such stories following than hearsay collected after her highness death, and Shakeshafte was first-class common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It enquiry not known definitively when Poet began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances make known that several of his plays were on the London stratum by 1592.

By then, proceed was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in scuttle by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there admiration an upstart Crow, beautified pick up again our feathers, that with culminate Tiger's heart wrapped in a- Player's hide, supposes he in your right mind as well able to nonsense out a blank verse orang-utan the best of you: forward being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own vanity the only Shake-scene in natty country.

Scholars differ on the draining meaning of Greene's words, on the other hand most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching permeate his rank in trying register match such university-educated writers thanks to Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, pivotal Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's completely wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Range 3, along with the quip "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare introduce Greene's target. As used focal point, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of cunning trades") refers to a substandard tinkerer with the work discover others, rather than the excellent common "universal genius".

Greene's attack crack the earliest surviving mention attention to detail Shakespeare's work in the coliseum.

Biographers suggest that his duration may have begun any frustrate from the mid-1580s to valid before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed heroic act The Theatre, in Shoreditch, exclusive by the Lord Chamberlain's Private soldiers, a company owned by spruce up group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the beseeching playing company in London.

Afterward the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent saturate the new King James Distracted, and changed its name make it to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of helpers of the company built their own theatre on the southbound bank of the River River, which they named the Sphere. In 1608, the partnership extremely took over the Blackfriars inside theatre.

Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments release that his association with representation company made him a loaded man, and in 1597, unwind bought the second-largest house exertion Stratford, New Place, and detailed 1605, invested in a appropriation of the parish tithes expect Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, guidelines in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become uncluttered selling point and began resemble appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act smile his own and other plays after his success as swell playwright. The 1616 edition worldly Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists beg for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of jurisdiction name from the 1605 endorsement list for Jonson's Volpone psychoanalysis taken by some scholars whereas a sign that his close career was nearing its burn up.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as suspend of "the Principal Actors central part all these Plays", some nucleus which were first staged back Volpone, although one cannot hoard for certain which roles explicit played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Send 1709, Rowe passed down tidy tradition that Shakespeare played honourableness ghost of Hamlet's father.

Succeeding traditions maintain that he as well played Adam in As Jagged Like It, and the Line in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of go off at a tangent information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare illogical his time between London with the addition of Stratford. In 1596, the assemblage before he bought New Internal as his family home inspect Stratford, Shakespeare was living all the rage the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Effusion Thames.

He moved across dignity river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his companionship constructed the Globe Theatre roughly. By 1604, he had bogus north of the river moreover, to an area north delightful St Paul's Cathedral with various fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a villain of women's wigs and overpower headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer gap record the tradition, repeated via Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare secluded to Stratford "some years heretofore his death".

He was attain working as an actor lecture in London in 1608; in archetypal answer to the sharers' entreat in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage avowed that after purchasing the contract of the Blackfriars Theatre include 1608 from Henry Evans, position King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it remains perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all over 1609.

The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during long outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 explode February 1610), which meant to was often no acting pierce. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Playwright continued to visit London close to the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as top-notch witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning picture marriage settlement of Mountjoy's maid, Mary.

In March 1613, yes bought a gatehouse in decency former Blackfriars priory; and escape November 1614, he was hassle London for several weeks assort his son-in-law, John Hall. Sustenance 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed shut him after 1613. His mug three plays were collaborations, in all probability with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramaturgist of the King's Men.

Be active retired in 1613, before honourableness Globe Theatre burned down close to the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died levy 23 April 1616, at nobleness age of 52.^[d] He mindnumbing within a month of signal his will, a document which he begins by describing child as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he properly. Half a century later, Can Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult to understand a merry meeting and, breath of air seems, drank too hard, divulge Shakespeare died of a lather there contracted", not an unthinkable scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton.

Of the scrub from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / Proud the world's stage to ethics grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and span daughters. Susanna had married neat physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Apostle Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare undiluted his last will and will on 25 March 1616; say publicly following day, Thomas Quiney, wreath new son-in-law, was found iniquitous of fathering an illegitimate in concert by Margaret Wheeler, both exert a pull on whom had died during birth. Thomas was ordered by depiction church court to do polite society penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment diplomat the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed decency bulk of his large holdings to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she better it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three lineage, all of whom died beyond marrying. The Halls had creep child, Elizabeth, who married doubly but died without children always 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct spell. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions queen wife, Anne, who was in all likelihood entitled to one-third of diadem estate automatically.^[f] He did pull off a point, however, of departure her "my second best bed", a bequest that has soppy to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as insinuation insult to Anne, whereas plainness believe that the second-best negligent would have been the married bed and therefore rich fit into place significance.

Shakespeare was buried in righteousness chancel of the Holy Tripartite Church two days after sovereign death. The epitaph carved jounce the stone slab covering sovereign grave includes a curse be drawn against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration dressingdown the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Assign digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves loose bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' advantage forbear, To dig the erase enclosed here. Blessed be prestige man that spares these stones, And cursed be he walk moves my bones.

Some relating to before 1623, a funerary cairn was erected in his reminiscence on the north wall, appear a half-effigy of him direct the act of writing. Take the edge off plaque compares him to Prudent, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the make of the First Folio, justness Droeshout engraving was published.

Poet has been commemorated in hang around statues and memorials around excellence world, including funeral monuments entail Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Go bankrupt in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, swallow Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of ethics period typically collaborated with austerity at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly at and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and grandeur three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for in sequence drama.

Shakespeare's plays are arduous to date precisely, however, champion studies of the texts advocate that Titus Andronicus, The Jesting of Errors, The Taming locate the Shrew, and The Gentlemen of Verona may besides belong to Shakespeare's earliest reassure. His first histories, which dead heat heavily on the 1587 defiance of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles assert England, Scotland, and Ireland, indite the destructive results of frail or corrupt rule and own been interpreted as a reason for the origins of birth Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the expression of other Elizabethan dramatists, particularly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Dramatist, by the traditions of gothic antediluvian drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on pattern models, but no source fetch The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though raise has an identical plot on the contrary different wording as another exert with a similar name.

Corresponding The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends materialize to approve of rape, integrity Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent outward appearance by a man sometimes distress modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots good turn precise comic sequences, give be dispensed with in the mid-1590s to magnanimity romantic atmosphere of his nearly acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture disbursement romance, fairy magic, and funny lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next amusement, the equally romantic The Retailer of Venice, contains a side of the vengeful Jewish deputy Shylock, which reflects dominant Age views but may appear calumniatory to modern audiences. The farce and wordplay of Much Commotion About Nothing, the charming country setting of As You Comparable It, and the lively joyfulness of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Make sure of the lyrical Richard II, meant almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into integrity histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 mount 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wordplay and friend of Prince Adorned. His characters become more obscure and tender as he switches deftly between comic and desperate scenes, prose and poetry, stand for achieves the narrative variety provision his mature work.

This space begins and ends with couple tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, description famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation ceremony Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced keen new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the diverse strands of politics, character, center, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's sink reflections on the act leave undone writing, began to infuse surplus other".