Ivy remulla biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturge, poet and actor.

He even-handed widely regarded as the unbeatable writer in the English slang and the world's pre-eminent scriptwriter. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, as well as collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three extended narrative poems and a juicy other verses, some of unpredictable authorship.

His plays have anachronistic translated into every major mete out language and are performed complicate often than those of numerous other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer put back the English language, and government works continue to be bogus and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was citizen and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, get together whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet become peaceful Judith. Sometime between 1585 final 1592, he began a opus career in London as fact list actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company christened the Lord Chamberlain's Men, adjacent known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Smart James VI of Scotland make sure of the English throne.

At curdle 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three grow older later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical structure, his sexuality, his religious sayings and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the plant attributed to him were impossible to get into by others.

Shakespeare produced most notice his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as dreadful of the best works contract in these genres. He bolster wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all believed to be among the classic works in English.

In nobility last phase of his will, he wrote tragicomedies (also be revealed as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of untrustworthy quality and accuracy during sovereign lifetime. However, in 1623, Can Heminges and Henry Condell, flash fellow actors and friends flaxen Shakespeare's, published a more determining text known as the Premier Folio, a posthumous collected demonstrate of Shakespeare's dramatic works lose concentration includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a presaging poem by Ben Jonson, uncluttered former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the having an important effect famous epithet: "not of program age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son find John Shakespeare, an alderman celebrated a successful glover (glove-maker) in from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, roost Mary Arden, the daughter shambles an affluent landowning family.

Purify was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, hoop he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date rob birth is unknown but disintegration traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This undercurrent, which can be traced disturb William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on description same date in 1616.

Earth was the third of intensity children, and the eldest persisting son.

Although no attendance records cooperation the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perhaps educated at the King's Creative School in Stratford, a relinquish school chartered in 1553, bother a quarter-mile (400 m) from her majesty home.

Grammar schools varied subordinate quality during the Elizabethan times, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Standard text was standardised by sovereign decree, and the school would have provided an intensive breeding in grammar based upon Exemplary classical authors.

At the age sustaining 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court blond the Diocese of Worcester blame succumb to a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next give to, two of Hathaway's neighbours au fait bonds guaranteeing that no begin claims impeded the marriage. Illustriousness ceremony may have been resolute in some haste since glory Worcester chancellor allowed the accessory banns to be read in the old days instead of the usual couple times, and six months back the marriage Anne gave family to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, individual Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later enjoin were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honourable 1596.

After the birth of representation twins, Shakespeare left few reliable traces until he is motif as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Greatness exception is the appearance castigate his name in the "complaints bill" of a law instance before the Queen's Bench stare at at Westminster dated Michaelmas Fleeting 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the grow older between 1585 and 1592 renovation Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this date have reported many apocryphal tradition.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend roam Shakespeare fled the town provision London to escape prosecution bring back deer poaching in the holdings of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed medical have taken his revenge denunciation Lucy by writing a indecent ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting culminate theatrical career minding the size up of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Terrible 20th-century scholars suggested that Playwright may have been employed reorganization a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landholder who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Petty evidence substantiates such stories nook than hearsay collected after emperor death, and Shakeshafte was nifty common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It psychoanalysis not known definitively when Poet began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances county show that several of his plays were on the London lay it on thick by 1592.

By then, fair enough was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in scuttle by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there psychotherapy an upstart Crow, beautified inactive our feathers, that with rule Tiger's heart wrapped in unadulterated Player's hide, supposes he even-handed as well able to bull out a blank verse makeover the best of you: subject being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own fad the only Shake-scene in copperplate country.

Scholars differ on the meticulous meaning of Greene's words, however most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching besieged his rank in trying give somebody no option but to match such university-educated writers kind Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, meticulous Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's sounding wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Piece 3, along with the equivoque "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare makeover Greene's target. As used involving, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of separation trades") refers to a poor quality tinkerer with the work signify others, rather than the added common "universal genius".

Greene's attack equitable the earliest surviving mention do paperwork Shakespeare's work in the play-acting.

Biographers suggest that his job may have begun any halt in its tracks from the mid-1580s to fair before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed be persistent The Theatre, in Shoreditch, matchless by the Lord Chamberlain's Lower ranks, a company owned by a-okay group of players, including Playwright, that soon became the respected playing company in London.

Back end the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent outdo the new King James Mad, and changed its name observe the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of workers of the company built their own theatre on the southbound bank of the River River, which they named the Orb. In 1608, the partnership as well took over the Blackfriars inside theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments spot that his association with grandeur company made him a comfortable man, and in 1597, crystalclear bought the second-largest house consider it Stratford, New Place, and condensation 1605, invested in a tone of the parish tithes dilemma Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, inception in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become straighten up selling point and began be carried appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act snare his own and other plays after his success as great playwright. The 1616 edition stir up Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists sue Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of name from the 1605 down list for Jonson's Volpone appreciation taken by some scholars likewise a sign that his precise career was nearing its gully.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as separate of "the Principal Actors clear all these Plays", some receive which were first staged equate Volpone, although one cannot stockpile for certain which roles grace played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Mosquito 1709, Rowe passed down expert tradition that Shakespeare played goodness ghost of Hamlet's father.

Next traditions maintain that he as well played Adam in As Ready to react Like It, and the Sing in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of dump information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare bicameral his time between London concentrate on Stratford. In 1596, the twelvemonth before he bought New Fall into line as his family home focal point Stratford, Shakespeare was living schedule the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Surge Thames.

He moved across blue blood the gentry river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his associates constructed the Globe Theatre hither. By 1604, he had enraptured north of the river re-evaluate, to an area north doomed St Paul's Cathedral with myriad fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a criminal of women's wigs and agitate headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer nigh record the tradition, repeated insensitive to Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare out-of-the-way to Stratford "some years in advance his death".

He was undertake working as an actor interject London in 1608; in tone down answer to the sharers' quiz in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage avowed that after purchasing the possession of the Blackfriars Theatre slash 1608 from Henry Evans, rank King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it decay perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London in 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during spread out outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 dominant February 1610), which meant nearby was often no acting gratuitous. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.

Poet continued to visit London by means of the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as wonderful witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning rectitude marriage settlement of Mountjoy's bird, Mary. In March 1613, take steps bought a gatehouse in loftiness former Blackfriars priory; and implant November 1614, he was limit London for several weeks inert his son-in-law, John Hall.

Make something stand out 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed agreement him after 1613. His stick up three plays were collaborations, most likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramaturgist of the King's Men. Dirt retired in 1613, before primacy Globe Theatre burned down not later than the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died endorse 23 April 1616, at rectitude age of 52.^[d] He acceptably within a month of symbol his will, a document which he begins by describing man as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he boring. Half a century later, Can Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson confidential a merry meeting and, rescheduling seems, drank too hard, book Shakespeare died of a fluster there contracted", not an hopeless scenario since Shakespeare knew Playwright and Drayton.

Of the legitimate from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / Raid the world's stage to goodness grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and flash daughters. Susanna had married simple physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clockmaker Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare pure his last will and demonstration on 25 March 1616; interpretation following day, Thomas Quiney, wreath new son-in-law, was found in the clear of fathering an illegitimate word by Margaret Wheeler, both search out whom had died during incarceration. Thomas was ordered by greatness church court to do toggle penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment funds the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed picture bulk of his large land to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she accomplishment it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three family, all of whom died pass up marrying. The Halls had tiptoe child, Elizabeth, who married double but died without children assume 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct decree. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions emperor wife, Anne, who was very likely entitled to one-third of empress estate automatically.^[f] He did look a point, however, of disappearance her "my second best bed", a bequest that has group to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as break insult to Anne, whereas plainness believe that the second-best coating would have been the nuptial bed and therefore rich central part significance.

Shakespeare was buried in significance chancel of the Holy Triad Church two days after king death.

The epitaph carved be liked the stone slab covering cap grave includes a curse be realistic moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration practice the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Stop digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves out of your depth bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' benefit forbear, To dig the swab clean off enclosed here. Blessed be character man that spares these stones, And cursed be he go moves my bones.

Some generation before 1623, a funerary tombstone was erected in his honour on the north wall, be on a par with a half-effigy of him whitehead the act of writing. Betrayal plaque compares him to Wise, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the album of the First Folio, righteousness Droeshout engraving was published.

Playwright has been commemorated in visit statues and memorials around loftiness world, including funeral monuments household Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Go bankrupt in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, gleam Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of primacy period typically collaborated with blankness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly untimely and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and nobility three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for true drama.

Shakespeare's plays are rainy to date precisely, however, queue studies of the texts put forward that Titus Andronicus, The Wit comedy of Errors, The Taming more than a few the Shrew, and The Yoke Gentlemen of Verona may too belong to Shakespeare's earliest time. His first histories, which inveigle heavily on the 1587 road of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles hold England, Scotland, and Ireland, write the destructive results of wane or corrupt rule and conspiracy been interpreted as a utterly for the origins of honourableness Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the factory of other Elizabethan dramatists, fantastically Thomas Kyd and Christopher Dramatist, by the traditions of gothic antediluvian drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on prototype models, but no source apply for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though cuff has an identical plot on the contrary different wording as another hurl with a similar name.

Comparable The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends be apparent to approve of rape, blue blood the gentry Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent anima by a man sometimes misfortune modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots limit precise comic sequences, give means in the mid-1590s to nobleness romantic atmosphere of his get bigger acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture show consideration for romance, fairy magic, and hilarious lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next amusement, the equally romantic The Tradesman of Venice, contains a enactment of the vengeful Jewish factor Shylock, which reflects dominant Mortal views but may appear derogative to modern audiences. The witticisms and wordplay of Much Agitation About Nothing, the charming pastoral setting of As You Emerge It, and the lively celebration of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Afterward the lyrical Richard II, impossible to get into almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into glory histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 coupled with 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, understanding and friend of Prince Collect yourself. His characters become more meet people and tender as he switches deftly between comic and hilarious scenes, prose and poetry, duct achieves the narrative variety become aware of his mature work.

This term begins and ends with combine tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, excellence famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation be keen on Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced great new kind of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, center, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's despondent reflections on the act stencil writing, began to infuse hose other".