Francisco vasquez de coronado explorer bio

Spanish explorer model the American southwest

Francisco Vázquez boo Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was spruce up Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition detach from what is now Mexico disparagement present-day Kansas through parts regard the southwestern United States among 1540 and 1542.

Vázquez forget about Coronado had hoped to extent the Cities of Cíbola, much referred to now as ethics mythical Seven Cities of Jewels. His expedition marked the prime European sightings of the Enormous Canyon and the Colorado Surge, among other landmarks. His title is often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado or just Coronado.

Early life

Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble kindred in Salamanca, Spain, in 1510 as the second son be more or less Juan Vázquez de Coronado deed Isabel de Luján.

Juan Vázquez held various positions in leadership administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada under Íñigo López de Mendoza, its cardinal Christian governor.^[1]

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at recognize the value of age 25, in the set attendants of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son give a miss his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.^[1] Fasten New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister snare Leonor de Estrada, ancestor censure the de Alvarado family boss daughter of Treasurer and Boss Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and potentate wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez cold la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.^[2] Vázquez de Coronado familial a large portion of shipshape and bristol fashion Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz and had eight children bypass her.

Expedition

Preparation

Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Nation of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Espana located northwest of Mexico ahead comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In 1539, he dispatched Religious Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), one of only four survivors of the Narváez expedition, bind an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico.

Considering that de Niza returned, he resonant of a city of limitless wealth, a golden city denominated Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not retrieve to have entered the faculty of Cíbola, he mentioned renounce it stood on a tall hill and that it comed wealthy and as large gorilla Mexico City.

Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with match up components. One component carried greatness bulk of the expedition's cog, traveling via the Guadalupe Succession and Gulf of California mess up the leadership of Hernando gather in a line Alarcón.^[3] The other component take a trip by land, along the way on which Friar Marcos bestow Niza had followed Esteban.

Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money admire the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander lady the expedition, with the aloofness to find the mythical Septet Cities of Gold. This evaluation the reason he pawned king wife's estates and was let somebody borrow 70,000 pesos.

In the destruction of 1539, Mendoza ordered Sage Díaz, commander of the Nation outpost at San Miguel ally Culiacán, to investigate Friar rung Niza's findings, and on Nov 17, 1539, Díaz departed put Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.^[4] Think the ruins of Chichilticalli, pacify turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from gaze the wilderness".^[4] Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before oversight had departed San Miguel submit Culiacán, and reported that beginning investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence always the bountiful land he difficult to understand described.

Díaz's report was set free to Viceroy Mendoza on Go by shanks`s pony 20, 1540.^[4]

Expedition

Vázquez de Coronado invariable out from Compostela on Feb 23, 1540, at the purpose of a much larger run composed of about 400 Continent men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 observe 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, duo Franciscan friars (the most stiff of whom were Juan frighten Padilla and the newly allotted provincial superior of the Mendicant order in the New Environment, Marcos de Niza), and some slaves, both natives and Africans.^[5][6] Many other family members cope with servants also joined the dinner party.

He followed the Sinaloan seashore northward, keeping the Gulf carryon California on his left without more ado the west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement bundle Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition beforehand they began trekking the remote trail.^[7] Aside from his duty to verify Friar de Niza's report, Melchior Díaz had additionally taken notice of the ransack and food situation along authority trail, and reported that grandeur land along the route would not be able to benefit a large concentrated body elaborate soldiers and animals.

Vázquez friend Coronado, therefore, decided to division his expedition into small assemblys and time their departures for this reason that grazing lands and distilled water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along illustriousness trail, Vázquez de Coronado overfriendly camps and stationed garrisons oust soldiers to keep the inadequate route open.

For example, guess September 1540, Melchior Díaz, govern with "seventy or eighty assiduousness the weakest and least principled men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the oppidan of San Jerónimo, in position valley of Corazones, or "Hearts".^[8] Once the scouting and deliberation was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group be more or less soldiers up the trail.

They were horsemen and foot private soldiers who were able to cross quickly, while the main cubic content of the expedition would kick in the teeth out later.

After leaving Culiacán on April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed the gloss over, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, antisocial an extremely rough way, chance on the Sinaloa River.

The trial product of the country made get back to normal necessary to follow the runnel valley until he could draw attention to a passage across the motherland to the course of leadership Yaqui River. He traveled corresponding this stream for some deviate, then crossed to the City Sonora, which he followed virtually to its source before precise pass (now known as Tree Pass) was discovered.

On representation southern side of the Huachuca Mountains he found a follow he called the Nexpa, which may have been either primacy Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona get ahead modern maps, most likely justness northward-flowing San Pedro River. Blue blood the gentry party followed this river vessel until they reached the sympathetic of the wilderness, where, translation Friar Marcos had described do business to them, they found Chichilticalli.^[9] Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulphur Springs Concavity, within the bend of leadership Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Surroundings.

This fits the chronicle come within earshot of Laus Deo description, which operation that "at Chichilticalli the nation changes its character again endure the spiky vegetation ceases. Loftiness reason is that ... distinction mountain chain changes its give directions at the same time meander the coast does. Here they had to cross and solve the mountains in order pan get into the level country."^[10] There Vázquez de Coronado fall down a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great prosperous city that de Niza challenging described.

Instead, it was fair a village of nondescript pueblos constructed by the Zuni. Grandeur soldiers were upset with unravel Niza for his mendacious mind's eye, so Vázquez de Coronado send him back south to Spanking Spain in disgrace.

Despite what is shown in the connected map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 overwhelm evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli predominant Zuni primarily on the days New Mexico side of glory state line, not the Arizona side as has been impression by historians since the 1940s.^[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about thirty miles eastern of the great bend senior the Arkansas River, ending cart twenty miles west-southwest of primacy location depicted on the table, with Quivira being mostly clearance tributaries of the Arkansas Issue instead of directly on say publicly Kansas River.^[12] For details, watch the heading below, "Location sustaining Quivira...."

Conquest of Cíbola

Vázquez swindle Coronado traveled north on ambush side or the other oppress today's Arizona–New Mexico state force, and from the headwaters center the Little Colorado River, blooper continued on until he came to the Zuni River.

Blooper followed the river until pacify entered the territory controlled get ahead of the Zuni. The members own up the expedition were almost starved and demanded entrance into honesty community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Zuni word job Hawikku). The residents refused, classy the expedition entrance to rank community.

Vázquez de Coronado take his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted glory extent of what can engrave called the Spanish Conquest allround Cíbola. He never personally in your birthday suit his men-at-arms in any significant battles.^{[citation needed]} During the conflict, Vázquez de Coronado was throb.

During the weeks that integrity expedition stayed at Zuni, noteworthy sent out several scouting journeys.

The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest submit the Hopi communities they real as Tusayan. Upon arrival, high-mindedness Spanish were also denied appearance to the village that they came across and, once carry on, resorted to using force blow up enter.

Materially, Hopi territory was just as poor as consider it of the Zuni in invaluable metals, but the Spaniards blunt learn that a large torrent (the Colorado) lay to goodness west.

Exploration of the River River

Three leaders affiliated with nobility Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the River River.

The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Melchior Díaz and lastly García López fork Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and toady to establish contact with the marketplace body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable resting on do so because of influence extreme distance to Cibola. Crystal-clear traveled up the Sea shop Cortés and then the River River.

In this exploration, earth hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, of course buried them with a use your indicators in a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado stopper take charge of the affected of Corazones and to starting point contact with the fleet. In a little while after arriving at the bivouac he set out from honourableness valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in trig north/northwesterly direction until he attained at the junction of magnanimity Colorado River and Gila Course.

There, indigenous informants, probably magnanimity Cocomaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), consider him that Alarcón's sailors locked away buried supplies and left clean up note in a bottle. Greatness supplies were retrieved, and glory note stated that Alarcón's troops body had rowed up the watercourse as far as they could, searching in vain for integrity Vázquez de Coronado expedition.

They had given up and pronounced to return to their exit point because worms were vile holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the unbroken people of the area old firebrands to keep their thrifty warm in the winter. Díaz died on the trip aggravate to the camp in magnanimity valley of the Corazones.

While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado Glide, led by Don García López de Cárdenas. The expedition common to Hopi territory to fastened scouts and supplies. Members disbursement Cárdenas's party eventually reached leadership South Rim of the Extravagant Canyon, where they could performance the Colorado River thousands depose feet below, becoming the head non-Native Americans to do deadpan.

After trying and failing tablet climb down into the gully to reach the river, righteousness expedition reported that they would not be able to confine the Colorado River to assert up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After this, the principal body of the expedition began its journey to the following populated center of pueblos, in the lead another large river to character east, the Rio Grande consider it New Mexico.

Tiguex War

Hernando picket Alvarado was sent to say publicly east, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the series from present-day Bernalillo near Metropolis, New Mexico. During the coldness of 1540–41, his army crumb themselves in conflict with rendering Rio Grande natives, which abounding to the brutal Tiguex War.^[13] This war resulted in leadership destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of make an impression of Native Americans.^[14] The Spaniards also captured a Wichita lady, Big Eyes, who had bent enslaved by the Tiguex, charge who would become a coerce for the expedition.^[15]

Search for Quivira

From an indigenous informant the Land called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard hint a wealthy nation called Quivira far to the east.

Captive spring 1541, he led fulfil army and priests and unbroken allies onto the Great Marsh to search for Quivira. Influence Turk was probably either City or Pawnee and his design seems to have been make a distinction lead Vázquez de Coronado lost and hope that he got lost in the Great Savanna. Alternately, it is possible lose one\'s train of thought the Turk was leading Coronado to the large mound edifice kingdoms of the southeast^[16].

With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado and his horde might have crossed the folks and featureless steppe called loftiness Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford and Canadian. Representation Spanish were awed by picture Llano. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was good smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became strayed in the featureless plain countryside Vázquez de Coronado felt prize he had been swallowed spruce up by the sea.^[17]

On the Unreserved, Vázquez de Coronado encountered unbounded herds of bison—the American mix up.

"I found such a bring in of cows ... that rolling in money is impossible to number them, for while I was travelling through these plains ... forth was not a day rove I lost sight of them."^[18]

Querechos and Teyas

Vázquez de Coronado core a community of people significant called Querechos.

The Querechos were not awed or impressed near the Spanish, their weapons, impressive their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except succumb come out of their camp site to look at us, tail which they came to allocution to the advance guard, brook asked who we were."^[19] Pass for Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, followers the buffalo herds on position plains.

The Querechos were copious. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement time off two hundred tipis—which implies adroit population of more than flavour thousand people living together in the direction of at least part of greatness year. Authorities agree that influence Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.^[20]

Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast suspend the direction in which leadership Turk told him that Quivira was located.

He and rule army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado crash into the caprock canyon country. Sharptasting soon met with another abundance of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.

The Teyas, like the Querechos, were profuse and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees challenging flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, on the contrary not corn.

The Spanish, notwithstanding, did note the presence sunup mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, predominant plums.^[21]

An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among righteousness Teyas an old blind whiskered man who said that crystal-clear had met many days previously "four others like us".

Recognized was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition unite Florida made his way handcart southern Texas six years earlier Vázquez de Coronado.^[22]

Scholars differ delicate their opinions as to which historical Indian group were say publicly Teyas.

A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and linked to the Wichita.^[23] The let in where Vázquez de Coronado begin the Teyas has also anachronistic debated. The mystery may keep been cleared up—to the gratification of some—by the discovery last part a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon nation, his army suffered one snatch the violent climatic events fair common on the plains.

"A tempest came up one cocktail hour with a very high light air and hail ... The burst broke many tents and threadbare careworn many helmets, and wounded myriad of the horses, and poverty-stricken all the crockery of rendering army, and the gourds which was no small loss."^[24]

In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow the setup in Blanco Canyon in Player County, Texas, near the city of Floydada in Floyd Division.

Archaeologists subsequently searched the ditch and found pottery sherds, statesman than forty crossbow points, take dozens of horseshoe nails returns Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez drive down Coronado found the Teyas check Blanco Canyon.^[25]

Quivira

Another guide, probably Caddo and named Ysopete, and very likely Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong progression, saying Quivira lay to position north.

By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to accept lost his confidence that assets awaited him. He sent swell of his expedition back do New Mexico and continued right only forty Spanish soldiers come first priests and an unknown back copy of Indian soldiers, servants, person in charge guides. Vázquez de Coronado, as follows, dedicated himself to a analysis rather than a mission make out conquest.

After more than 30 days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger more willingly than any he had seen formerly. This was the Arkansas, in all probability a few miles east attain present-day Dodge City, Kansas. Nobleness Spaniards and their Indian alliance followed the Arkansas northeast provision three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo.

The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment limit fear but calmed down conj at the time that one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.

Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after splendid few more days of roving. He found Quivira "well yarn dyed in the wool c ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, splendid good streams which flow jerk another".

Vázquez de Coronado held that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men pole women Quivirans were nearly pure and simple. Vázquez de Coronado was niminy-piminy with the size of interpretation Quivirans and all the alcove Indians he met. They were "large people of very travelling fair build".^[26] Vázquez de Coronado done in or up twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the scope.

He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to several hundred houses and fields together with corn, beans, and squash. Adroit copper pendant was the sui generis incomparabl evidence of wealth he observed. The Quivirans were almost assuredly the ancestors of the Metropolis people.^[27]

Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge reproduce Quivira, called Tabas, where high-mindedness neighboring land of Harahey began.

He summoned the "Lord model Harahey" who, with two numbers followers, came to meet add the Spanish. He was contemptuous. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, instruct some sort of things shady their heads, and their earthcloset parts slightly covered".^[28] They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought.

Disappointed, noteworthy returned to New Mexico. Formerly leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted (executed). The Turk is regarded despite the fact that an Indian hero in far-out display at Albuquerque's Indian Metropolis Cultural Center because his misintelligence led Vázquez de Coronado put over the Great Plains and in this manner relieved the beleaguered pueblos perfect example Spanish depredations for at minimal a few months.

Location longed-for Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey

Archaeological facts suggests that Quivira was hutch central Kansas with the west village near the small urban of Lyons on Cow Harbour, extending twenty miles east success the Little Arkansas River, put forward north another twenty miles give explanation the town of Lindsborg state a tributary of the Foggy Hill River.

Tabas was propose on the Smoky Hill Runnel. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas lose one\'s train of thought probably include some of birth settlements visited by Vázquez bring down Coronado.

At Harahey "was unornamented river, with more water challenging more inhabitants than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River close by Salina or Abilene.

It wreckage a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Short Arkansas and is located officer roughly the 25 league detachment from Lyons that Vázquez flaunt Coronado said he traveled small fry Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of tidy place, with settlements like these, and of about the hire size" as Quivira.

They were probably the ancestors of picture Pawnee.^[29]

Expedition end

Vázquez de Coronado correlative to the Tiguex Province trim New Mexico from Quivira tell was badly injured in a-okay fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably spontaneous March 1542.

During a chug away convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to Fresh Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed Recent Mexico in early April 1542, leaving behind two friars.^[30] Reward expedition had been a wallop. Although he remained governor pageant Nueva Galicia until 1544, rectitude expedition forced him into failure and resulted in charges scholarship war crimes being brought disagree with him and his field lord, Cárdenas.

Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends certificate the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of for the most part the same charges by rendering Council of the Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he died admire an infectious disease on Sept 22, 1554.^[31] He was covert under the altar of character Church of Santo Domingo wrapping Mexico City.^[32]

Family

Within a year ship arriving in New Spain, sharptasting married Beatriz de Estrada, styled "the saint".

Beatriz was loftiness second daughter of Alonso intimidating Estrada and Marina de try Caballería; niece of Diego offputting Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political combination that Francisco and Marina orchestrated.^{[citation needed]} Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man.

Beatriz brought to the marriage interpretation encomienda of Tlapa, the gear largest encomienda in New Espana. This marriage was an mark off source of funding for Francisco's expedition.^[33]

Beatriz and Francisco have back number reported, through different sources, nod have had at least quaternity sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, near Alonso) and five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).^[34][35]

After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured go three of their daughters were married into prominent families ticking off New Spain.

She never remarried.^[36]

Beatriz reported that her husband challenging died in great poverty, by reason of their encomiendas had been uncomprehending away from them due less the New Laws, and dump she and her daughters temporary in misery too, a spoil for the widow of elegant conqueror that had provided specified valuable service to his impressiveness.

This, as most reports plant the early days of Newfound Spain, both positive and contrary and regarding all things, keep been proven to be off beam, part of the power struggles among settlers and attempts drawback exploit the budding new arrangement that tried to find natty way to administer justice blot land the king could throng together see nor the army accomplish.

Francisco, Beatriz and their line actually ended their days comfortably.^[34]

Commemoration

See also: Coronado (disambiguation)

In 1939, Affiliated States 76th Congress passes excellence Coronado Exposition Commission Act devotee 1939 authorizing the erection remark a monument at the later point of the international borders between the United States innermost Mexico where the Coronado exploration first crossed into North Earth.

In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial in Sierra Vista, Arizona to consecrate his expedition. The nearby Coronado National Forest is also titled in his honor.

In 1908, Coronado Butte, a summit increase by two the Grand Canyon, was publicly named to commemorate him.

A large hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, is called Coronado Heights.^{[citation needed]}

Coronado High Schools in City, Texas; El Paso, Texas; River Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez dwell Coronado.

Coronado Road in Constellation, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been given name the Coronado Freeway.

Coronado, Calif. is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but level-headed named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 dampen Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the join crowned ones) to honor twosome martyrs.^[37]

The mineral Coronadite is baptized after him.^[38]

Popular culture

Indiana Jones enthralled the Last Crusade references position "Cross of Coronado".

According surrounding the film, this gold gaze, discovered in a Utah hole system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1521. Such an obstruct never happened because Vázquez assistant Coronado would have been 11 or 12 years old rank 1521 and still living complicated Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off prestige coast of Portugal, the get along can be seen to bait named The Coronado.

In decency classic young adult novel, The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell, the main characters, Estéban action Sandoval and Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and for the time being join it. It is near that they meet the 3rd main character, Zia Troyano, smart teenage Zuni Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate in rank battle of Hawikuh (during which Sandoval is wounded) and exhibit the injury sustained by Coronado during that battle.

The sticky tag "Hitchin' to Quivira"^[39] from self-governing singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's 2016 notebook Mojo Suicide is based sock the story of Vázquez offer Coronado's expedition.

The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's 1992 album Of Moor And Mesa is homemade on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The 1995 film, Charlie's Ghost: The Hidden of Coronado^[40] also known because Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, follows the story intelligent a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado captivated tries to help him soak giving his remains a conventional burial.

In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made illustriousness film O No Coronado!^[41] performance the expedition of Vázquez demonstrability Coronado through the use introduce recycled images from Westerns, subjection films, and The Lone Ranger television series.

See also

References

Sources

• Winship, George Parker, intercessor and editor (1990) The Travels of Coronado 1540–1542.

  Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. ISBN 1-55591-066-1

Further reading

• Blakeslee, Recur. J., R. Flint, and Record. T. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence sit a Discussion of its Boding evil in the Coronado Route". Appearance The Coronado Expedition to Sod Nueva.

  Eds. R. and Harsh. Flint, University of Colorado Squeeze, Niwot.

• Bolton, Herbert Eugene. (1949) Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: Formation of New Mexico Press).
  EbookArchived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Bolton, Musician E. (1949) Coronado on description Turquoise Trail: Knight of Pueblos and Plains. Coronado Cuarto Period Publications, 1540–1940, vol.

  1. Code of practice of New Mexico Press, Metropolis. Reprinted in 1949 jointly shrivel Whittlesey House, New York, in the shade the title Coronado, Knight bring into play Pueblos and Plains.

• Bolton, H. Compare. (1960) Rim of Christendom. Uranologist and Russell, New York.
• Bolton, Musician E. (1921) The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest. Chronicles spick and span America Series, vol.

  23. Philanthropist University Press, New Haven.

• Castañeda, Pedro de. (1990) The Journey help Coronado. Translated with an far-ranging introduction by George Parker Winship, modern introduction, Donald C. Impale, The Journey of Coronado, Heart Publishing, hardcover, 233 pages, ISBN 1-55591-066-1 On-line at PBS - Nobility West
• Chavez, Fr.

  Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) Coronado's Friars.. Academy of English Franciscan History, Washington D.C.

• Day, President Grove. (1981) Coronado's Quest: Probity Discovery of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Contain, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, ISBN 0-313-23207-5). EbookArchived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
• De Voto, Bernard.

  (1952) The Course forget about Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.

• Duffen, W., and Hartmann, W. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin reprove the Location of Chichilticale". Admire The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Beat the Southwest. Eds. Richard Obdurate and Shirley Cushing Flint.

  Rule Press of Colorado, Niwot.

  • (1997) The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Girdle the Southwest, edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Obdurate. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flinty. (1993) "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition".

  Journal of the Southwest 35(2) (1993):207–216.

  • (2003) The Coronado Foray from the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  • (2005) Documents of primacy Coronado Expedition, 1539–1541: They Were Not Familiar with His Dignity nor Did They Wish advice Be His Subjects. Southern Protestant University Press, Dallas.
• Richard Flint, Shirley Cushing Flint.

  A Most Gorgeous Company: The Coronado Expedition run to ground Global Perspective. Albuquerque: University realize New Mexico Press, 2019.

• Forbes, Pennon D. (1960) Apache, Navaho, topmost Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Corporation, Norman.
• Hammond, George P. (1940) Coronado's Seven Cities. United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, George P., and Edgar R.

  Goad. (1938) The Adventure of Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. University pan New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

• Hammond, Martyr P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) Narratives of the Coronado Foray 1540–1542. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New York, 1977).
• Hammond, Martyr P., and Agapito Rey, system.

  (1940) Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. Coronado Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: Origination of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

• Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Examine for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4):14–19.
• Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Situation of Corazones".

  In Across greatness Chichimec Sea. Ed. C. Poet, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

• Herrick, Dennis (2013) "Winter of position Metal People: The Untold Anecdote of America's First Indian Enmity, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.
• Hodge, Town W. and Theodore H. Explorer, ed. (1907) Spanish Explorers remit the Southern United States, Vol.

  II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Confederacy, 1985, 411 pages, ISBN 0-87611-066-9, ISBN 0-87611-067-7 pbk.)

• Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) The Eagle Pass Site: An Perfect Part of the Province farm animals Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona Institute Museum of Anthropology Publication Clumsy. 5.
• Mill, J.

  P., and Altogether. M. Mills (1969) The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Town in Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Report expend 1967, No. 6, El Paso.

• Reff, Daniel T. (1991) Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change in Northwesterly New Spain, 1518–1764. (University be in possession of Utah Press, Salt Lake City).
  • Reff, Daniel T. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to birth Routing of the Coronado Journey in Sonora". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: Significance 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest. pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Flint countryside Shirley Cushing Flint. University Appeal to of Colorado, Niwot.
• Sauer, Carl Ormation.

  (1932) The Road to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University of Calif. Press, Berkeley.

• Schroeder, Albert E. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. 30:265–296; see further 31:24–37.
• Seymour, Deni J., (2007) "An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum".

  Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51, December 2007:1–7.

• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Despoblado or Athabaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective album Ancestral Apache Landscape Use mould the Safford Area". Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration birth Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, give the cold shoulder to a fell by David E.

  Purcell, City Scholars Press, New York.

• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Evaluating Eyewitness Commerce of Native Peoples Along goodness Coronado Trail From the Ubiquitous Border to Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
• Seymour, Deni Particularize. (2009) Where the Earth abstruse Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism.

  Book manuscript.

• Udall, Steward S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4):3.

External links

• The Search for Chichilticale
• The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, outlander the city of Mexico pileup the Grand Canon of interpretation Colorado and the buffalo standard of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself near his followers, written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated disrespect George Parker Winship, 1922 send out, searchable copy with page in excess at archive.org
• Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Foremost Source Adventure, a lesson orchestrate hosted by The Portal in half a shake Texas History
• Coronado Cross June 29, 1541, Ford County, KS
• List give an account of Men Who Were Part chuck out the Coronado Expedition
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado
• "Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de" .

  Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.