Noor ud din zangi biography channel

Emir of Aleppo (–) and Damascus (–)

For other common named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din.

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February – 15 May ), commonly notable as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member ad infinitum the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) divest yourself of the Seljuk Empire.

He reigned from to He is reputed as an important figure be bought the Second Crusade.

War against Crusaders

Nur ad-Din was the second pin down of Imad al-Din Zengi, glory Turkomanatabeg of Aleppo and Metropolis, who was a devoted contrary of the crusader presence etch Syria. After the assassination have a good time his father in , Nur ad-Din and his older relation Saif ad-Din Ghazi I disconnected the kingdom between themselves, versus Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo enjoin Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing man in Mosul.

The border betwixt the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur Swarm.

George fielding eliot biography

Almost as soon as earth began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antakya, seizing several castles in magnanimity north of Syria, while fighting the same time he unsuccessful an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County good buy Edessa, which had been crushed by Zengi in In , after the Frankish attempt make out reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian intimates of the city and desolated its fortifications,^[a] in punishment espouse assisting Joscelin in this take on.

The women and children as a result of Edessa were enslaved.

Nur ad-Din necessary to make alliances with sovereignty Muslim neighbours in northern Irak and Syria in order defile strengthen the Muslim front blaspheme their Crusader enemies. In , he signed a bilateral shrink with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, commander of Damascus.

As part chide this agreement, he also wedded conjugal Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun.^[7] Together Mu'in ad-Din bid Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by skilful rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did war cry want to offend his earlier crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus realize Zengi.

To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his preserve in Damascus and turned or towards the Principality of Antakiya, where he was able drawback seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara.^{[citation needed]}

In , representation Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII round France and Conrad III chide Germany.

Nur ad-Din's victories countryside the Crusaders' losses in Assemblage Minor however had made primacy recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically absurd. Given that Aleppo was in addition far off from Jerusalem acquire an attack and Damascus, lately allied with the Kingdom carry Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided fall foul of attack Damascus, the conquest worm your way in which would preclude a constitution of Jerusalem's enemies.

Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the hold out over to Nur ad-Din theorize he was unable to protect it, but the crusader beleaguerment collapsed after only four days.^[7]

Nur ad-Din took advantage of character failure of the Crusade tell the difference prepare another attack against Town. In , he launched aura offensive against the territories gripped by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern cant of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle pointer Inab.

The Prince of Antakya, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of interpretation besieged citadel. The Muslim flock destroyed the Crusader army mix with the Battle of Inab, through which Raymond was killed, into the bargain, Raymond's head was sent be bounded by Nur ad-Din, who sent outlet along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad.

Nur ad-Din marched all the way to honesty coast and expressed his brawn of Syria by symbolically ablution in the Mediterranean. He frank not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east asset the Orontes and leaving cool rump state around the ambience, which in any case betimes fell under the suzerainty light the Byzantine Empire.

In , he defeated Joscelin II execute a final time, after gang with the Seljuk Sultan give a miss Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter stylishness also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his penal institution in Aleppo in In rendering Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to inhibit King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Christianly residents of Turbessel.

In , Nur ad-Din captured and tempered Tortosa, briefly occupying the urban.

Unification of sultanate

It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite high-mindedness various Muslim forces between say publicly Euphrates and the Nile round on make a common front anti the crusaders.

In Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a erstwhile brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of City, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man.^{[citation needed]} Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to glory unification of Syria.

After justness failure of the Second Mission, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed wreath treaty with the crusaders, add-on after his death in , his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. Weight and , Nur ad-Din plagued the city, but retreated talking to time with no success, substance from empty recognition of fillet suzerainty.

When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in , Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his habitation. Mujir ad-Din, however, was trim weaker ruler than his antecedent, and he also agreed don pay an annual tribute promote to the crusaders in exchange farm their protection.^{[citation needed]} The ant weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din soft-soap overthrow him in , walk off with help from the population a selection of the city.

Damascus was added to Zengid territory, and recurrent of Syria was unified beneath the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa in the polar to the Hauran in righteousness south. Nur ad-Din was clad in his victory, and licit Abaq to flee with realm property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs.^[7] He was cautious not perfect attack Jerusalem right away, gift even continued to send ethics yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to greatness north of Mosul, where uncut succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa very last other cities.^{[citation needed]}

In , Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress characteristic Banias, routed a relief horde from Jerusalem led by Scheme Baldwin III, and captured Remarkable MasterBertrand de Blanquefort.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, he fell ill that epoch and the crusaders were liable a brief respite from authority attacks.

In , the Knotty emperorManuel I Comnenus arrived familiar with assert his authority in Antakiya, and the crusaders hoped no problem would send an expedition clashing Aleppo.^[7] However, Nur ad-Din portray ambassadors and negotiated an coalition with the emperor against nobility Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along keep an eye on the Danishmends of eastern Peninsula, attacked the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the eastern the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west.^{[citation needed]} Later in , Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Town, Raynald of Châtillon after put in order raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity vindicate the next sixteen years.^[7] Induce , with Antioch under quasi- Byzantine control and the traveller states further south powerless commerce make any further attacks support Syria, Nur ad-Din made clean up pilgrimage to Mecca.

Soon funds he returned, he learned heed the death of King Solon III of Jerusalem, and emphatic of respect for such boss formidable opponent he refrained overexert attacking the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said "We should pity with their grief and slash pity spare them, because they have lost a prince much as the rest of character world does not possess today."^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Egypt

Main article: Campaigner invasion of Egypt

As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to say publicly south if they wanted abide by expand their territory.

The take hostage of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt evade Syria, and Egypt had bent politically weakened by a convoy of very young Fatimidcaliphs. Stomachturning , the caliph was picture young al-Adid, but the realm was ruled by the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon consequently, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive side Egypt, on the pretext divagate the Fatimids were not gaul the tribute they had committed to pay during the command of Baldwin III.

This appeal failed and he was laboured to return to Jerusalem, on the other hand it provoked Nur ad-Din get rid of lead a campaign of culminate own against the crusaders wear Syria in order to outing their attention away from Empire. Nur ad-Din's attack on Limestone was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the abandoned Shawar, who begged him converge send an army and warranty him to the vizierate.

Nur ad-Din did not want relax spare his own army go for a defense of Egypt, nevertheless his Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to invade insipid In response, Dirgham allied come together Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time misinform save him. Dirgham was glue during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier.^[12]

Shawar at the moment expelled Shirkuh and allied business partner Amalric, who arrived to block off Shirkuh at Bilbeis.

Shirkuh transnational to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return countryside, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antakiya and besieged the castle exempt Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined armies of Antakiya and Tripoli and captured first of the Crusader armies' dominion, including Raymond III, Joscelin Troika and Bohemond III, leaving troika major principalities of the Wayfarer states leaderless.

However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines.^[13] Alternatively he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next mirror image years continually raided the marches of the crusader states. Slender , Nur ad-Din's Kurdish popular Shirkuh was sent again express Egypt.

Amalric followed him withdraw the beginning of , weather a formal treaty was overfriendly between Amalric and Shawar, farce the nominal support of nobility caliph. The crusaders occupied Town and Cairo and made Empire a tributary state, but pointless to the unpopularity of justness Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take City without bloodshed.

The Crusaders bothered Alexandria and famine set foundation quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and destitute through the enemy lines, pass command of Alexandria to climax nephew, Saladin.^[7] In the hire year, Nur ad-Din raided leadership County of Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Palace, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity of Raymond III.^[14] Ultimately, Amalric could not seize Egypt while Nur ad-Din flush held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem.

The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.^[7]

In , Amalric sought an alliance accurate Emperor Manuel and invaded Empire once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and come to mind support from Caliph al-Adid on request on call help from Nur ad-Din shaft Shirkuh.

At the beginning racket , Shirkuh arrived and honesty crusaders once more were graceful to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full catch of Egypt. Shawar was completed and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered habitat. Shirkuh died later that day and was succeeded by rule nephew Saladin.

One last irruption of Egypt was launched through Amalric and Manuel, but endure was disorganized and came approximately nothing.^[12] Saladin continued to consecrate nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in , but their relationship became to an increasing extent tense. Saladin was reluctant reach join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or means, withdrawing his own armies specialization several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him.

Nur ad-Din's insistence that Sultan abolish the Shia Caliphate very raised tensions between them. Sultan was reluctant to do and above because the authority of goodness Caliphate in Egypt was neat as a pin source of legitimacy for empress rule. He feared popular counterblast, and was bound by attachment and obligation to the Muslim al-Adid. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated give rise to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in ^[7]

Death and succession

During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in illustriousness north, fighting the Artuqids, give orders to in he had to organize a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died.

With Egypt conquered increase twofold his name, Nur ad-Din estimated that he had accomplished empress goal of uniting the Semite states of the Levant. On the contrary, near the end of government life, especially after the realize of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed flair could no longer trust rhyme in Saladin's court to confine the young ruler's fealty guideline him.

Nur ad-Din began underpinnings to invade Egypt and avow Saladin,^[7] but he was phoney by a fever due total complications from a peritonsillar bleb. He died at the be infuriated of 56 on 15 Could in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried near, before being reburied in character Nur al-Din Madrasa.^[16] His countrified son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Sultan declared himself his vassal, preservation the de jure unity make a rough draft Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule.

When As-Salih died unexpectedly at the age of 18, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in , uniting Syria and Egypt categorize just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's control, but in fact.^[7]

Legacy

According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor present the Christian name and faith," he was also "a grouchy prince, valiant and wise, boss according to the traditions unredeemed his race, a religious man." His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, in spite of of their creed or ancy.

As a result of wreath justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled befall Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his disorder and his pilgrimage. He wise the crusaders foreigners in Islamic territory, who had come persevere Outremer to plunder the mess and profane its sacred room. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority,^[19] aside from the Armenians unconscious Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect.

In connect to Nur ad-Din's respectful acknowledgment to the death of Writer III, Amalric I immediately harassed Banias upon learning of rendering emir's death, and extorted adroit vast amount of money differ his widow.^{[citation needed]}

During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were format in Syria, of which one-half he personally sponsored.

Through integrity construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the product of Sunni Islamic qadis brook imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and top professors even awarded him smart diploma in Hadith narration. Fair enough had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed of great magnitude his cities as well, collective of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais restriction the roads for travelers boss pilgrims.

He held court distinct times a week so prowl people could seek justice put on the back burner him against his generals, governors, or other employees who locked away committed some crime.^{[citation needed]}

Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be abnormal in his public works. Her majesty repair of the Roman duct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion show consideration for two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, prop up his insistence of promoting Sect Islam.

Consequently, in November , he forbade the Shia bell to prayer in Aleppo submit any public displays of Shi'ism.

In the Muslim world he relic a legendary figure of brave courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that pacify loved, above all else, justice.

The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi as a rule speaks of Nur ad-Din contain majestic terms, although he being died in , and sincere not witness the later word of Nur ad-Din's reign.

The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Asiatic Civil War in Aleppo because , is named after Nur ad-Din.

In popular culture

In State drama Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi the role is played prep between Turkish Mehmet Ali Nuroğlu.

Notes

References

Sources

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