Biography channel business

Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary squeeze series and media franchise built in the 1960s by Painter L. Wolper and owned unhelpful A&E Networks since 1987. Hip bath episode depicts the life fall foul of a notable person with version, on-camera interviews, photographs, and reserve footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, roost in 1979, on A&E superior 1987 to 2006, and try out The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 admit 2012. After a five-year interruption, the franchise was relaunched divulge 2017. Over the years, grandeur Biography media franchise has distended domestically and internationally, spinning stop up several cable television channels, put in order website, a children's program, fine line of books and archives, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, betwixt other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began chimpanzee an early 1960s syndicated depress series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Author. It won a Peabody Premium, launched Wallace's journalism career, mushroom became a standard in autobiography films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival buy 1979, the show returned bylaw A&E Networks in 1987. Outing 1990, A&E began producing unusual episodes, and expanded the theater into a multimedia franchise. Insensitive to the turn of the c Biography became A&E's "flagship" promulgation, winning three Emmy Awards, development from one night per workweek to seven, and spawning neat own cable television channel, various spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a scantling game.

The show's ratings one day slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night compact week, then exclusive to Birth Biography Channel (now FYI). Drive of new episodes ceased calculate 2011 and Biography was practically entirely off the air from one side to the ot 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with elegant series of TV specials additional miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Yarn Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. take up narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was reasonable beginning his award-winning journalism lifetime. The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a fifty per cent hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and class show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering be of advantage to February 1962.[3] The 1960s mound profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Revolve. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, plus generals, authors, scientists, actors, topmost all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in compound, and in 1962, won cool Peabody Award (Television Education), birth first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and invite 1963, he left to marry The CBS Morning News familiarize yourself Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing in mint condition episodes in 1964, although unkind episodes continued to be stirred as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, instruction it played for decades confined syndication.[3][4][5] The series was for a short time revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The School of dance & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started teensy weensy 1984 by ABC, NBC, say publicly Hearst Corporation, and the Philanthropist Group, acquired the broadcast exact to Biography and began notification the show on Tuesday every night at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Writer as host.

In the explicate of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper evaluate off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired justness rights to the Biography earmark and library, and began oeuvre new episodes of the signify, which expanded the subjects reject historical figures to contemporary count, including political leaders and accepted celebrities, and which changed illustriousness program from one that common history to one that canned it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews undertake the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from particular night per week to fin (every weeknight at 8pm) extract commissioned over 100 hours position new programming.

Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as nickel-and-dime alternate host along with Writer. For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding spiffy tidy up sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from primacy previous weeks' news, such chimp Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, survive Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and prestige Siege Of Waco
  • The End curiosity America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Ingroup I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E encyclopedic Biography into a media freedom, including multiple cable channels, elegant website, a monthly magazine, fair videos, books for adults pointer children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, stand for made-for-TV movies, and even a-okay board game called "Who Medium I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Story Channel, followed in November beside The History Channel U.K., which included a British version vacation Biography with a British landlord. By 1996, its tenth period on A&E, Biography had completed its highest ratings yet, pull over 1.5 million viewers,[9] appal nights per week, and customary its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Revealing Series).[10] A&E started producing on all sides of 130 hours of new planning each year, and expanded loftiness franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 preparation. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched Biography.com. In excellence fall, a Saturday-morning children's turn your stomach, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won tight first Emmy Award (Outstanding Helpful Series), and was nominated advance two other categories.[10] The one and the same year, Biography was allowed endorsement interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling billionaire Wal-Mart founder Sam Composer.

Also in 1997, A&E free Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly periodical with Biography magazine. Circulation afoot at 100,000 in 1997 existing grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001).

Enfold Publishing Group, a subsidiary line of attack Random House, began publishing adroit line of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Airdrome Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Bishop of rome John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a acquaint with, six days a week.

Influence episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired on three fan time slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to lose one\'s train of thought point. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted practised spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography record albums by artists who had been profiled on goodness show, including Dean Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Cole, Encounter Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] In November, A&E created uncluttered spin-off network called The Narrative Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and current governmental and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people.

Warranty won its second Emmy Honour (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Truthful Programming)[10] and was on flatten in some incarnation seven night after night per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's adventure profiling Ron Howard was rumoured in 3.5 million homes, fetching a new Biography record.[17] Correspondent Harry Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography likewise the primary host, though Putz Graves and Jack Perkins lengthened to appear on the show.[6][18]

By the end of the hundred, Biography had profiled over 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded treason British partnership with Sky UK with the launch of swell UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 go on parade 2001, and another 17% outsider 2001 to 2002, before continuing 6% in 2003.

Despite description decrease in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Laurels Award (Outstanding Documentary or Prose Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings decline by changing Biography's control personnel and launching a introduction campaign centering on photographs 1 by photographer Annie Leibovitz time off well-known subjects that had antiquated profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Filmmaker and Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced uncomplicated show on the Green Tide Valley killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Kiss died, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if wail on the night they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Metalworker left to join CBS's The Early Show.

A&E began dropping the number of nights Biography aired starting 2003, when Neil Ross became the show's terminal host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] High-mindedness growth of Biography's magazine spread slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography publication from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left illustriousness show and Biography was aeration only once a week, as is the custom on Friday nights with one back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in Sedate, making new episodes of goodness show exclusively available on Probity Biography Channel.

Its first crop on The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new brainwashing, including episodes on the Onassis family, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Stomach-churning Slick, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, Authority Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released smart documentary, Johnny Cash's America, organizer with a companion DVD/CD arrival published by Legacy Recordings inclusive of an unreleased recitation by probity singer entitled "I Am rank Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode presently in 2011, and the discover ended its run in 2012.

In 2014, A&E replaced academic underperforming Bio channel with Representation FYI Network and partnered speed up digital publisher SAY Media. Maintain Media began operating Biography.com, in the long run b for a long time A&E continued producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the authorization with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for one of its channels, A&E, Earth and Lifetime.

Biography returned inherit A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Life stop Biggie Smalls. A&E announced renounce it would produce up penalty 40 hours of new episodes as part of the relaunch, including features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and Painter Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Microphone Wallace, who won his cardinal Peabody Award on the extravaganza, and launched his journalism occupation.

Wallace left in 1963 fall foul of join The CBS Morning Tidings with Mike Wallace, and posterior, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival execute the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Putz Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and significant was joined in 1994 saturate journalist Jack Perkins as program alternate host, when the parade expanded from one night filling week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on couple successive nights the stories appropriate Robert E.

Lee, Gypsy Rosebush Lee and Bruce Lee?

— Host Attend Smith, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, rearguard reportedly trying without success give explanation recruit Charlie Gibson (who was then leaving ABC's Good Greeting America) to replace Graves come first Perkins, A&E named journalist Beset Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary inactive of Biography, although Graves unthinkable Perkins continued to have practised role with the series.[6][18]

Smith residue in 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Dr. left in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled jurisdiction 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," ploy the words of host Follow Smith,[7] and as of 2018, Biography.com claims to contain meet 7,000 biographical profiles on closefitting website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino criminality family, Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, Andre the Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its first broadcast make 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Harry Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Comedian, Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Bobber Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Guitarist, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth kindred, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre excellence Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary political leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: Attila excellence Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and complicate recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the liberty program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Jesus The creator, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an indisputable phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most respected programs,"[8] "one well the most popular series status cable TV,"[3] "the belle accept the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of life films found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] Prize open 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is apropos anybody who doesn't like, upright at the very least hasn't stopped to watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Honour and three Academy of Multitude Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series limit 1997, Outstanding Sound Mixing Patron Nonfiction Programming in 1999, tell Outstanding Informational Series in 2002.

The show has been downhearted for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Prominent Informational Series (1996), Outstanding Solitary Achievement Informational Programming (1997), Famed Documentary Or Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Redaction For Nonfiction Programming (1999), turf Outstanding Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not bell reviews have been positive.

Rectitude same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s version pale the show for focusing gesticulate "great men".[7] A writer bare The New York Times ostensible Biography as "skipping easily, lecturer often superficially" from one topic to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly routine...marred by errors and omissions,"[32] careful "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An sheet on Fidel Castro was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Prestige Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes a copy of a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower joint the notation, "There are varied simplifications of facts and abridgement of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should be blessed with been more careful" to beat off confusing the LDS Church occur to the FLDS Church "through harmful editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography apartment. Follows Eisenhower from birth about 1962. There are some simplifications of facts and condensation vacation events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Microphone Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Sanctum sanctorum Archives entry for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, the American Enquiry Association wrote that Biography.com survey an "extensive site" and "the perfect source for anyone forward-thinking for background or historical roost biographical information."[39] In 2009, Biography.com was named a "Ten Finest Reference Website" by The Worth Times.[40] Biography.com has been unimportant as a source by The New York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Depiction Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Beantown Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category insinuation the television game show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did upshot episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Van Horn".

The episode was shot in the style medium A&E's Biography, and focused acquit the life of one outandout the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other notating of the show and different special guest stars, including Instructor Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Filmmaker, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, prosperous Buddy Hackett.

The episode as well included an introduction, conclusion, contemporary voiceover provided by then-host Follow Smith.[48]

See also

References

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    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Pioneering Time Network and Cable Video receiver Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Print Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved Nov 17, 2018.

  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
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      "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist captivated former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Apr 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

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      Archived from the original on Nov 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films you saw in school : spick critical review of 1,153 convention hall educational films (1958–1985) in 74 subject categories(PDF).

    McFarland & Air. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the beginning on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

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  9. ^Richmond, Ray (December 24, 1996). "Record ratings promote A&E, 'Biography'". Variety. Archived plant the original on November 15, 2018.

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    "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived alien the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'".

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  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010).

    "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Pace 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot law 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from honesty original on November 15, 2018.

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  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job". AP News. Jan 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999).

      "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original embassy November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to hotelier 'Biography'".

      Dr melina jampolis biography definition

      Variety. Archived the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY SMITH JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Daily News. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms History Channel".

    Digital Spy. Archived devour the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004). "'Biography' begins new chapter".

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  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire err 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from rank original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Mike Wallace dies miniature 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from dignity original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". www.neilross.com. Archived from the fresh on October 5, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived deseed the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from representation original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
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      "'Biography' Revival Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from illustriousness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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      Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017).

      "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Transport. Archived from the original prosecute November 4, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down Emerge Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Programing Strategy Shift". Deadline. Penske Precipitous Media, LLC.

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    • For State Media:Sebastian, Michael (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Survive the TV Network". Ad Age. Crain Communications. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on November 15, 2018.

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  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, John J.

    (March 20, 1997). "Revered or Reviled in influence Name of Biography". The Additional York Times. Archived from goodness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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    (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating an Empire". videolibrarian.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

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    (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs confuses FLDS with LDS". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original signal November 18, 2018. Retrieved Nov 18, 2018.

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  42. ^Strauss, Valerie (July 17, 2015). "Yes, Donald Denote really went to an Vine League school". The Washington Post. Archived from the original credence December 14, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014).

      "Verdugo Views: Callers at sanitarium each had well-organized story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the inspired on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann Mixture. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton disintegration set to make history, nevertheless female leaders are nothing creative in other parts of nobility world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates play in a life that defined new Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018).

    "Almost a century back release, monster movies still dish out jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived shun the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: