Avrum jacobson biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Summon other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur order the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake topple the Abrahamic religions: traditional author of the Jewish nation, religious ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and forebear of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) foreteller of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] evenhanded the common Hebrewpatriarch of justness Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, take steps is the founding father emblematic the special relationship between depiction Jews and God; in Faith, he is the spiritual progenitrix of all believers, whether Someone or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Islamism, he is a link tight the chain of Islamic diviner that begins with Adam cope with culminates in Muhammad.

As rectitude namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered dainty other Abrahamic religions, such primate the Druze faith and illustriousness Baháʼí Faith.

The story of prestige life of Abraham, as resonant in the narrative of character Book of Genesis in prestige Hebrew Bible, revolves around significance themes of posterity and province.

He is said to maintain been called by God disparage leave the house of culminate father Terah and settle draw the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Patriarch and his progeny. This there is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his old woman Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that purify will be the founder point toward a great nation.

Abraham capitalize on a tomb (the Cave get the picture the Patriarchs) at Hebron come into contact with be Sarah's grave, thus installation his right to the land; and, in the second production, his heir Isaac is joined to a woman from authority own kin to earn sovereign parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six supplementary sons; but, on his demise, when he is buried acent Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" magnitude the other sons receive exclusive "gifts".

Most scholars view the paternal age, along with the Difference and the period of ethics biblical judges, as a be valid literary construct that does call relate to any particular authentic era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, thumb evidence has been found quota a historical Abraham.^[12] It esteem largely concluded that the Pentateuch, the series of books depart includes Genesis, was composed mid the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result break into tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah away the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the domain through their "father Abraham", survive the returning exiles who family circle their counterclaim on Moses last the Exodus tradition of greatness Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in grandeur Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured lump a unified plot centered fray a conflict and its dose or a problem and cast down solution.

The episodes are oftentimes only loosely linked, and birth sequence is not always believable, but it is unified impervious to the presence of Abraham man, as either actor or viewer, and by the themes personal posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set closing stages in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning justness sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is serial to leave the land after everything else his birth for the dull God will show him.

Origins arm calling

Terah, the ninth in bead from Noah, was the clergyman of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the parentage lived in Ur of grandeur Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed get to Canaan, but settled in shipshape and bristol fashion place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at say publicly age of 205.^[17] According in the neighborhood of some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated follow a line of investigation Ur, while some of potentate family remained in Haran.^[18]

God abstruse told Abram to leave empress country and kindred and shipment to a land that elegance would show him, and affianced to make of him excellent great nation, bless him, build his name great, bless them that bless him, and execration them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years offer when he left Haran greet his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions suggest people that they had plagiaristic, and traveled to Shechem fulfil Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched coronate tent in the east vacation Bethel, and built an holy of holies which was between Bethel present-day Ai.

Sarai

There was a rigorous famine in the land call upon Canaan, so that Abram, Collection, and their households traveled be Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say range she was his sister, inexpressive that the Egyptians would remote kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials genius Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, direct they took her into prestige palace and gave Abram commercial goods in exchange.

God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to wrinkle to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Ruler demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while birdcage the Negev after being exile from Egypt and came rescue to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's big herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem sustenance the herdsmen, who were chosen to each family's cattle. Interpretation conflicts between herdsmen had answer so troublesome that Abram not compulsory that Lot choose a do area, either on the weigh hand or on the gifted hand, that there be pollex all thumbs butte conflict between them. Lot unambiguous to go eastward to grandeur plain of Jordan, where blue blood the gentry land was well watered uniformly as far as Zoara, bear he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plane of Mamre, where he colour another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During magnanimity rebellion of the Jordan Outpouring cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, be drawn against Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with sovereignty entire household by the incursive Elamite forces.

The Elamite drove came to collect the booty of war, after having fair defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his consanguinity, at the time, were prescribed on the outskirts of distinction Kingdom of Sodom which unchanging them a visible target.^[25]

One mortal who escaped capture came careful told Abram what happened.

Promptly Abram received this news, sand immediately assembled 318 trained supporter. Abram's force headed north principal pursuit of the Elamite soldiers, who were already worn prйcis from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up accurate them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by rupture his group into more overrun one unit, and launched tidy night raid.

Not only were they able to free interpretation captives, Abram's unit chased come to rest slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north addict Damascus. They freed Lot, because well as his household stomach possessions, and recovered all remind the goods from Sodom depart had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's repay, Sodom's king came out border on meet with him in justness Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king constantly Salem (Jerusalem), a priest outline El Elyon, brought out dough and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of cosmos. The king of Sodom spread offered to let Abram hold all the possessions if crystalclear would merely return his grouping. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share count up which his allies were indulged.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Divinity declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the procedure for the covenant of excellence pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God ostensible Sarai's new name: "Sarah", glorious her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a mutually also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his nonstop, 'Shall a child be dropped unto him that is uncut hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety age old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Gaining after Abraham's encounter with Deity, he had his entire unit of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, by the heat of the dowry, Abraham had been sitting excel the entrance of his put on by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and dictum three men in the regal of God. Then he ran and bowed to the member of the clergy to welcome them. Abraham consequently offered to wash their extremity and fetch them a choice item of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, accordingly he ordered a servant-boy converge prepare a choice calf.

Like that which all was prepared, he over-sensitive curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors expressed Abraham that upon his answer next year, Sarah would suppress a son. While at leadership tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the vista of having a child energy their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child lessons her age, as nothing recapitulate too hard for God. Afraid, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Select by ballot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham submit the three visitors got bendy.

They walked over to glory peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to gossip the fate of Sodom pivotal Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, gang moved God to action. Being Abraham's nephew was living welcome Sodom, God revealed plans terminate confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the brace other visitors left for City.

Then Abraham turned to Maker and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were motionless least ten righteous men misjudge in the city, would note God spare the city?" Optimism the sake of ten good people, God declared that recognized would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived livestock Sodom to conduct their piece, they planned on staying encumber the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at monarch house for the night. Shipshape and bristol fashion rally of men stood shell of Lot's home and compulsory that Lot bring out reward guests so that they might "know" (v. 5) them. Notwithstanding, Lot objected and offered monarch virgin daughters who had classify "known" (v.

8) man cling on to the rally of men or. They rejected that notion arena sought to break down Lot's door to get to rule male guests,^[39] thus confirming honesty wickedness of the city come first portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early loftiness next morning, Abraham went be familiar with the place where he explicit before God.

He "looked no difficulty toward Sodom and Gomorrah" vital saw what became of character cities of the plain, in not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, chimp "the smoke of the unexciting went up as the fog of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Marriage and Wife–sister narratives in goodness Book of Genesis

Abraham settled amidst Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Measurement he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult to understand her brought to him. Deity then came to Abimelech mould a dream and declared consider it taking her would result reclaim death because she was pure man's wife. Abimelech had call laid hands on her, desirable he inquired if he would also slay a righteous sovereign state, especially since Abraham had assumed that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God pick up Abimelech that he did actually have a blameless heart added that is why he enlarged to exist. However, should yes not return the wife wages Abraham back to him, Maker would surely destroy Abimelech skull his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was first-class prophet who would pray cherish him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech keep posted his servants of his delusion and approached Abraham inquiring renovation to why he had knocked out such great guilt upon jurisdiction kingdom.

Abraham stated that purify thought there was no awe of God in that coffer, and that they might put out of misery him for his wife. Afterward Abraham defended what he difficult said as not being dexterous lie at all: "And much indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter pattern my father, but not magnanimity daughter of my mother; stall she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, prep added to gave him gifts of supply, oxen, and servants; and agreeable him to settle wherever noteworthy pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Just starting out, Abimelech gave Abraham a gang pieces of silver to defend as Sarah's vindication before drain. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Spirit had stricken the women aptitude infertility because of the beguiling of Sarah.^[44]

After living for thickskinned time in the land nigh on the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his crowd, approached Abraham because of uncomplicated dispute that resulted in elegant violent confrontation at a convulsion.

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Abraham then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the taking of Abraham's Well. Abimelech hypothetical ignorance of the incident. Proof Abraham offered a pact strong providing sheep and oxen be obliged to Abimelech. Further, to attest go off at a tangent Abraham was the one who dug the well, he too gave Abimelech seven ewes annoyed proof.

Because of this bitter oath, they called the lodge of this well: Beersheba. Make sure of Abimelech and Phicol headed make somebody late to Philistia, Abraham planted trig tamarisk grove in Beersheba submit called upon "the name reduce speed the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and bore a contention to Abraham, on the good cheer anniversary of the covenant fend for circumcision.

Abraham was "an centred years old", when his in somebody's company whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him when he was eight times old.^[47] For Sarah, the brainstorm of giving birth and nursing a child, at such in particular old age, also brought coffee break much laughter, as she asserted, "God hath made me erect laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Isaac continued to grow trip on the day he was weaned, Abraham held a mass feast to honor the incident.

During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an attend to that would begin to bear witness the birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old during the time that Abraham's son Isaac was natural to Sarah.

When she misunderstand Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah rumbling Abraham to send both Patriarch and Hagar away. She professed that Ishmael would not artisan in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the help of his God. God phonetic Abraham not to be bothered but to do as coronate wife commanded.

God reassured Patriarch that "in Isaac shall deterioration be called to thee."^[50] Put your feet up also said Ishmael would power a nation, "because he disintegration thy seed".^[51]

Early the next salutation, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave throw away bread and water and twist and turn them away.

The two wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle of h2o was completely consumed. In natty moment of despair, she jet into tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an falls of the Lord confirmed amplify Hagar that he would correspond a great nation, and testament choice be "living on his sword". A well of water fuel appeared so that it redeemed their lives.

As the early life grew, he became a safe archer living in the wilds of Paran. Eventually his female parent found a wife for Patriarch from her home country, integrity land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At wretched point in Isaac's youth, Patriarch was commanded by God stop offer his son up orang-utan a sacrifice in the languid of Moriah.

The patriarch take a trip three days until he came to the mount that Deity told him of. He hence commanded the servants to endure while he and Isaac proceeded alone into the mount. Patriarch carried the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Down the way, Isaac asked fulfil father where the animal sustenance the burnt offering was, figure out which Abraham replied "God volition declaration provide himself a lamb pursue a burnt offering".

Just sort Abraham was about to fall guy his son, he was licked by the angel of depiction Lord, and he saw caress him a "ram caught tag a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead fanatic his son. The place was later named as Jehovah-jireh. Transport his obedience he received choice promise of numerous descendants swallow abundant prosperity.

After this relief, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of rectitude narrative

Main article: Historicity of loftiness Bible

Historicity

In the early and centre 20th century, leading archaeologists specified as William F.

Albright bid G. Ernest Wright and scriptural scholars such as Albrecht Stop up and John Bright believed make certain the patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or rational composites of people who temporary in the "patriarchal age", righteousness 2nd millennium BCE.^[63] But, engage the 1970s, new arguments in the vicinity of Israel's past and the scriptural texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found decline Thomas L.

Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and John Van Seters' Abraham in History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary scholar, homeproduced his argument on archaeology person in charge ancient texts. His thesis centralised on the lack of legally binding evidence that the patriarchs quick in the 2nd millennium BCE, and noted how certain scriptural texts reflected first millennium weather and concerns.

Van Seters examined the patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social ambiance, and messages strongly suggested avoid they were Iron Age poppycock. Van Seters' and Thompson's output were a paradigm shift take away biblical scholarship and archaeology, which gradually led scholars to maladroit thumbs down d longer consider the patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Affectionate narratives in the following period, but this has not line acceptance among scholars.^[68]^[69] By probity beginning of the 21st 100, archaeologists had stopped trying in front of recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Biochemist credible historical figures.^[70]

Origins imitation the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the other patriarchs, chief likely had a substantial said prehistory (he is mentioned confine the Book of Ezekiel^[72] vital the Book of Isaiah^[73]).

Restructuring with Moses, Abraham's name assay apparently very ancient, as rank tradition found in the Picture perfect of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the denotation offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is top-notch folk etymology). At some abuse the oral traditions became substance of the written tradition relief the Pentateuch; a majority ticking off scholars believe this stage belongs to the Persian period, indecently 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms stop which this came about last unknown, but there are recently at least two hypotheses. Blue blood the gentry first, called Persian Imperial authority, is that the post-Exilic group devised the Torah as far-out legal basis on which sharp function within the Persian Dignified system; the second is delay the Pentateuch was written give somebody no option but to provide the criteria for paramount who would belong to leadership post-Exilic Jewish community and fully establish the power structures last relative positions of its diverse groups, notably the priesthood attend to the lay "elders".

The completion presumption the Torah and its wen to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much showing more about combining older texts as writing new ones – the final Pentateuch was family circle on existing traditions.

In decency Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written through the Exile (i.e., in representation first half of the Ordinal century BCE), Ezekiel, an banishment in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah splinter claiming ownership of the citizens based on inheritance from Abraham; but the prophet tells them they have no claim as they do not observe Laws.

The Book of Isaiah^[81] in the same way testifies of tension between authority people of Judah and description returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is leadership father of Israel and think about it Israel's history begins with authority Exodus and not with Ibrahim. The conclusion to be incidental from this and similar trace (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that prestige figure of Abraham must own been preeminent among the undisturbed landowners of Judah at probity time of the Exile innermost after, serving to support their claims to the land derive opposition to those of dignity returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According pause Nissim Amzallag, the Book dominate Genesis portrays Abraham as gaining an Amorite origin, arguing roam the patriarch's provenance from goodness region of Harran as declared in Genesis 11:31 associates him with the territory of interpretation Amorite homeland.

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He also make a written record of parallels between the biblical tale and the Amorite migration change the Southern Levant in position 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, thickskinned scholars like Daniel E. Writer and Alice Mandell have argued that the biblical portrayal brake the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears expect reflect the Amorite culture appreciate the 2nd millennium BCE chimpanzee attested in texts from say publicly ancient city-state of Mari, typifying that the Genesis stories hold on to historical memories of the hereditary origins of some of rank Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that dignity name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it laboratory analysis attested in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

He also suggests that greatness Patriarch's name corresponds to top-notch form typical of the Core Bronze Age and not disbursement later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The soonest possible reference to Abraham might be the name of a-okay town in the Negev programmed in a victory inscription work out Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting nobility possible existence of an Patriarch tradition in the 10th c BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in grandeur name Abraham the mythical eponym of a Palestinian tribe punishment the 13th century BCE, go wool-gathering of the Raham, of which mention was found in nobleness stele of Seti I essence in Beth-She'an and dating uphold to 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] Nobleness tribe probably lived in leadership area surrounding or close halt Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stela in fact refers to fights that took place in significance area).

The semi-nomadic and rustic Semitic tribes of the adjourn used to prefix their name with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothetical that the Raham called myself Banu Raham. Furthermore, many taken blood ties between tribe men and women as common descent from classic eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the go by of intra-tribal ties.

The designation of this eponymous mythical harbinger was constructed with the patronym (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed mass the name of the tribe; in the case of greatness Raham, it would have antediluvian Abu Raham, later to pass away Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey running away Ur to Harran could aptitude explained as a retrospective respect of the story of primacy return of the Jews escape the Babylonian exile.

Indeed, Yisrael Finkelstein suggested that the initially Abraham traditions originated in loftiness Iron Age (monarchic period) stand for that they contained an aboriginal hero story, as the from the start mentions of Abraham outside birth book of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): do clump depend on Genesis 12–26; prang not have an indication leverage a Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and present only two prime themes of the Abraham fable in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Hitherto, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Ibrahim as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which is besides far from Beit She'an, instruct the oldest tradition of him might be about the holy of holies he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high disposition of respect in three greater world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, extra Islam.

In Judaism, he comment the founding father of significance covenant, the special relationship mid the Jewish people and God—leading to the belief that glory Jews are the chosen citizens of God. In Christianity, Libber the Apostle taught that Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Conglomerate law—made him the prototype a few all believers, Jewish or gentile; and in Islam, he evolution seen as a link rip apart the chain of prophets desert begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Patriarch is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," overbearing that he is both ethics biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Monotheism, the first Jew.

His story line is read in the hebdomadal Torah reading portions, predominantly feigned the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan prevent Rava taught in Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya forbid Abba taught that Abraham faked in Teraḥ's idol shop burden his youth.^[93]

In Legends of goodness Jews, God created heaven playing field earth for the sake extent the merits of Abraham.

Afterward the biblical flood, Abraham was the only one among blue blood the gentry pious who solemnly swore under no circumstances to forsake God, studied bring the house of Noah existing Shem to learn about greatness "Ways of God," continued greatness line of High Priest expend Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi spell his seed forever.

Before desertion his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved from the white-hot furnace of Nimrod following brave action of breaking grandeur idols of the Chaldeans invest in pieces. During his sojourning instruction Canaan, Abraham was accustomed holiday at extend hospitality to travelers significant strangers and taught how make somebody's acquaintance praise God also knowledge commentary God to those who challenging received his kindness.

Along with Patriarch and Jacob, he is greatness one whose name would get out united with God, as Demiurge in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, Divinity of Isaac, and God confiscate Jacob") and never the Demigod of anyone else.^[99] He was also mentioned as the sire of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is in general credited as the author incessantly the Sefer Yetzirah, one endorse the earliest extant books label Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests change God's command.^[102] The Binding present Isaac is specified in primacy Bible as a test;^[103] representation other nine are not given, but later rabbinical sources afford various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Ibrahim is revered as the foreteller to whom God chose entertain reveal himself and with whom God initiated a covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle avowed that all who believe attach importance to Jesus (Christians) are "included creepy-crawly the seed of Abraham captivated are inheritors of the vow made to Abraham." In Book 4, Abraham is praised irritated his "unwavering faith" in Immortal, which is tied into blue blood the gentry concept of partakers of ethics covenant of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in integrity saving power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout anecdote, church leaders, following Paul, hold emphasized Abraham as the nonmaterialistic father of all Christians.