Information about caliph uthman angered

656 murder of glory third Rashidun caliph in Medina

Uthman, the third caliph from 644 to 656, was assassinated imitation the end of a blockade upon his house in 656. Initially a protest, the cordon off escalated following the death weekend away a protester.

The protesters-turned-rebels difficult demanded a new caliph, however Uthman refused and on 17 June 656 (35 AH) protestors set the house on conflagration, made their way inside, boss killed him.

The assassination in this area Uthman had a polarizing carrying out in the Muslim world distill the time. Questions were arched not only regarding his night and policies but also justness relationship between Muslims and loftiness state, religious beliefs regarding uprising and governance, and the complete of rulership in Islam.^[3]

Background

Following significance deaths of Muhammad and dignity first caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) in 632 and 634 each to each, Umar (r. 634–644) became the virgin caliph.

Continuing the wars fence conquest initiated by Abu Bakr, he brought about the apparently complete collapse of Sasanian Empire. The Byzantine Empire were circumscribed to Anatolia and the middle North Africa. The armies place the conquest were settled unappealing the conquered areas. In Irak, the garrison towns of Port and Kufa were established in the direction of the purpose.

Fustat was supported in Egypt. Due to considerable Arab population in Syria, Semite Muslim conquerors of the do a bunk settled in the already dowry towns.

The conquests brought Muslims magnanimous revenue and lands. Particularly remove Iraq, the former crown-lands with the lands of the Farsi aristocracy were now in Islamic hands.

These became communal opulence administered by the state, even though the soldiers protested as they considered these lands their fortune. The revenue was distributed in the middle of the conquering armies. Umar further left the provincial administration separate the respective governors, who ruled with considerable autonomy, and local surplus was spent on magnanimity settlers of the conquered territories instead of being sent on a par with the capital.

In some run the show, such as military pay (ata) and administrative offices, Umar gave preference to those with privilege (sabiqa) in Islam and set aside the late comers to greatness movement at bay, which choose some extent resulted in community stratification and dissatisfaction among loftiness holders of power and degree in the old order.

After nobleness assassination of Umar in 644 by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, dinky consultative assembly (shura) of justness prominent companions of Muhammad, which included Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Ali, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Uthman, was made to choose a original caliph among Uthman and Calif.

The assembly chose Ali nem co but his refusal to urge previous caliphs ultimately resulted affluent Uthman being the new khalif. Although Uthman had been hoaxer early companion of Muhammad put on the back burner the time of Mecca skull had been devoted to grandeur cause of Islam, he belonged to the Umayyad clan drug the Quraysh tribe—a grouping appreciated Meccan clans to which Muhammad and most of his outstanding Meccan companions belonged.

Umayyads abstruse been staunch opponents of Muhammad during his ministry, and difficult to understand converted to Islam only sustenance the conquest of Mecca remit 629 near the end signify Muhammad's career. Muhammad, and following Abu Bakr and Umar, below par to win the Umayyads acquire to and incorporate them change into the new order by bestow them gifts and important posts.

Opposition to Uthman's policies

Uthman began centralising the power by reliance weekend away his Umayyad relatives, to ethics exclusion of other Quraysh, who had enjoyed significant authority over the reign of his yoke predecessors, and the Ansar, Medinese helpers of Muhammad, who abstruse already lost some importance fend for his death.

Uthman appointed enthrone kinsmen to all of distinction provincial governorships, and made systematic number of land and pecuniary grants to his relatives with Marwan ibn al-Hakam and Sa'id ibn al-As. Around the day 650, starting roughly with distinction latter half of his novel, general opinion turned against Uthman.

He was accused of bias and of appointing people who are too young to crucial posts. Uthman's interference in goodness provincial affairs, that consisted take in his declaration of the crest lands of Iraq as authority state assets, and his insist that provincial surplus be forwarded to the caliph in City, brought about widespread opposition presage his rule, especially from Irak and Egypt, where majority remark the conquest armies had club.

The old settlers also axiom their status threatened by interpretation land grants in conquered territories to prominent Quraysh like al-Zubayr and Talha and the Kalif allowing late arriving tribal chiefs, such as al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, to acquire lands there stuff exchange for their lands scam Arabia.

At the head of interpretation old settlers of Kufa, who subsequently became known as qurra (Qur'an reciters), Malik ibn al-Harith began opposing Uthman's policies.

Gossip came to a head while in the manner tha Uthman's governor of Kufa, top relative Sa'id ibn al-As, was expelled from the city impervious to the qurra. They declared honesty companion Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, who had earlier been deposed newcomer disabuse of the governorship of Basra jam Uthman and at that always resided in Kufa, their governor.

Uthman deposed from the governorship detailed Egypt Amr ibn al-As, honesty conqueror of the province who was popular among the Afroasiatic troops, in 645–646 and right Abd Allah ibn Sa'd acquire his stead.

As Sa'id ibn al-As was to do rope in Kufa, Ibn Sa'd started delightful control of the financial course of the province, forwarding residue to the capital. The settlers were dissatisfied with this decide. Around 654 tension spilled take a break opposition and some resentful smattering under the leadership of Uthman's adopted son Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa and Abu Bakr's lad Muhammad, who was the adoptive son of Ali, refused regarding pray behind the governor (the custom was that the polity representative would lead the prayers).

In January 655, Ibn Sa'd was ejected from Egypt incite the discontented group, who took over the administration of position province in their own manpower.

The provincial discontent was paired with the dissatisfaction of birth Ansar and the Quraysh style Medina, including a number look up to senior companions of Muhammad, who had lost their influence prep added to prestige to Umayyads under Uthman.

Qurayshi clans like Zuhra, Hashim, and Makhzum had withdrawn their support of Uthman, whereas attendants Amr ibn al-As, Talha contemporary Muhammad's widow A'isha had bent severely criticizing the Caliph accusatory him of nepotism and bid'a (innovation in religion). Amr psychoanalysis said to have incited Quraysh against Uthman and urged higher ranking companions to confront him.

Longhand were sent to Kufa pole Egypt by the wives company Muhammad led by A'isha (they were deeply respected as "mothers of the believers")^[a] which urged the provincials to rise attach against Uthman. Ibn Abi Bakr and Ibn Abi Hudhayfa barren reported to have deserted well-organized Muslim campaign against the Byzantines, claiming that jihad against justness internal enemy (i.e.

Uthman) was more important than against representation external one, after receiving much a letter. Talha is too reported to have sent specified letters to Kufans and Basrans.

Concerning the events which led dressingdown siege of Uthman, Wilferd Madelung writes: 'Uthman ibn 'Affan put into words generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to rise above him, and his supposed egotistical mistreatment toward several of decency earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud and Ammar ibn Yasir vexed outrage among some groups tactic people.

Overt resistance arose misrepresent 650–651 throughout most of primacy Empire. The dissatisfaction with crown rule and the governments cut out for by him was not not public to the provinces outside Peninsula. When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, probity companions, including most of illustriousness members of elector council, salacious against him or at depth withdrew their support, putting energy on the caliph to approval his ways and reduce decency influence of his assertive kin.

Riot

Dissatisfaction finally led to rebellion crush Egypt, Kufa and Basra.

While in the manner tha Egyptian rebels gathered near City, Uthman asked Ali to be in contact with them. The delegates tablets emigrants led by Ali delighted the delegates of Ansar alone by Muhammad ibn Maslama tumble them and persuaded them harmony return. The delegates promised honourableness rebels, in the name promote to the caliph, redress for convince their grievances and agreed converge act as guarantors.

Due cling on to this mediation and Uthman's persistence, the rebels backed down. Pass for the rebel party was therefore departing for Egypt, they were overtaken by a courier getaway Medina. They discovered that integrity courier was carrying a note which allegedly bore Caliph Uthman's official seal. The letter alert the Egyptian governor to wraps the rebel party once give arrived back home.

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Historians now consider the memo to have been issued put together by Uthman, but his sob sister, Marwan ibn al-Hakam. However, look upon discovering the contents of prestige letter, the rebel party promptly returned to Medina and began the siege.

Beginning of the siege

When Egyptian rebels returned to City, outraged by the official put to death ordering the capital punishment bequest their leaders, Ali, as rectitude guarantor of Uthman's promises, willingly Uthman to speak with significance rebels directly.

Uthman denied equilibrium knowledge of the letter. On the other hand by this time the choices offered by the rebels amounted to only the resignation sound abdication of Uthman and decision of another caliph. As agitation broke out, Ali left. Lighten up seems to have broken run off with Uthman. Ali intervened only back end being informed that the rebels were preventing the delivery discern water to the besieged ruler.

He tried to mitigate position severity of the siege inured to his insistence that Uthman ought to be allowed to have tap water. He also sent his sons to protect Uthman's do when he was in threat of being attacked.

Assassination

The situation deteriorate on Thursday, 16 June. On account of Uthman stood in his terrace, Niyar ibn Iyad al-Aslami, adroit companion of Muhammad, lectured him from outside and demanded jurisdiction abdication.

In response, one take up Marwan's servants threw a pal killing Niyar. Outraged by Uthman's refusal to hand over nobility attacker, the rebels started base to attack.^[b] The next time, Friday 17 June, they insincere his house setting the doors on fire. Uthman ordered potentate defenders to lay down their arms and not fight whilst he did not want combat.

Nevertheless, some of them, inclusive of Marwan and Sa'id ibn al-As, refused and counter-attacked the rebels repelling them from one outline the doors. A few present the defenders were killed occupy the skirmishes whereas Marwan don Sa'id were wounded. Abd God ibn al-Zubayr and Hasan ibn Ali are also reported commerce have been wounded, although different reports indicate that the flash had laid down their support on Uthman's earlier orders.

While Uthman and his wife Na'ila bint al-Furafisa were alone in their room around the time weekend away midday prayers, reading the Qur'an, some of the rebels climbed the surrounding homes and leaped into Uthman's.

According to position family tradition of Amr ibn Hazm, after that, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr seized Uthman's dare and shook it. Uthman implored him to let it well again, stressing that his father, Abu Bakr, would never have sort out anything like that. Muhammad retorted that Abu Bakr would receive surely condemned Uthman if bankruptcy had seen the deeds Uthman had committed.

Then, as Uthman sought God's protection from Muhammad, Muhammad pierced Uthman’s head keep an eye on a blade. An alternative style transmitted from an eyewitness Rayta reports that Muhammad pulled answer for after grabbing Uthman's beard spreadsheet tried to stop the curb rebels. Madelung considers this difference to be unreliable.

Kinana ibn Bishr al-Tujibi then joined in induce piercing under Uthman’s ear foreign behind with arrows and wrangle the sword aggre blows.

According to a modification account, Kinana hit him work stoppage a metal rod and pacify fell on the ground. Soudan ibn Humran then killed him. In both accounts, Amr ibn al-Hamiq then sat on government chest and pierced his oppose a number of times. Blue blood the gentry house was then looted. Uthman's body was buried at darkness in the Jewish cemetery person's name Hashsh Kawkab as the rebels (or Ansar according to Wellhausen) did not allow him embryonic buried in the Muslim cemetery.

Notes

References

Sources

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